Setting up a Python development environment can be a headache, especially when dealing with dependency conflicts, multiple Python versions, and system-wide pollution.

Nix offers a declarative, reproducible, and isolated way to manage Python environments

In this article, we’ll explore how to setup a FastAPI project with Nix. Automate environment activation with direnv. And ensure full reproducibility and isolation.

What is Nix?

Nix is a tool that takes a unique approach to package management and system configuration.

Nix has its own language called Nix, a straightforward functional language. While I won’t delve further into the language itself, here are the resources you can check out on how to start on writing Nix.

• Nix Language Basics – nix.dev
• A tour of Nix
• Nix Language – Nix Reference Manual

Key Benefits

Reproducible

Nix ensures that your system is reproducible by providing a unique approach to package management and system configuration. So you can be sure that your system will work the same way on every machine.

Declarative

Nix allows you to declare your system configuration in a simple and concise way. You can define your system configuration in a single file, and Nix will take care of the rest.

Reliable

Nix is a reliable tool that ensures that your system is always in a consistent state. It provides a unique approach to package management and system configuration, so you can be sure that your system will always work as expected.

Project Structure

The project structure is as follows:

<span>.</span>
├── flake.lock
├── flake.nix
├── main.py
└── README.md
<span>.</span>
├── flake.lock
├── flake.nix
├── main.py
└── README.md
.
├── flake.lock
├── flake.nix
├── main.py
└── README.md

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check the repository here

FastAPI Flake

What is a flake? A flake is a modern, structured way to manage Nix projects, making dependency management and reproducibility much easier

<span>{</span>
  <span>description</span> <span>=</span> <span>"Python development setup with Nix"</span><span>;</span>
  <span>inputs</span> <span>=</span> <span>{</span>
    <span>flake-utils</span><span>.</span><span>url</span> <span>=</span> <span>"github:numtide/flake-utils"</span><span>;</span>
    <span>nixpkgs</span><span>.</span><span>url</span> <span>=</span> <span>"github:nixos/nixpkgs?ref=nixos-unstable"</span><span>;</span>
  <span>};</span>
  <span>outputs</span> <span>=</span> <span>{</span> <span>self</span><span>,</span> <span>flake-utils</span><span>,</span> <span>nixpkgs</span><span>,</span> <span>...</span> <span>}:</span>
    <span>flake-utils</span><span>.</span><span>lib</span><span>.</span><span>eachDefaultSystem</span> <span>(</span>
      <span>system</span><span>:</span>
      <span>let</span>
        <span>pkgs</span> <span>=</span> <span>nixpkgs</span><span>.</span><span>legacyPackages</span><span>.</span><span>${</span><span>system</span><span>};</span>
      <span>in</span>
      <span>{</span>
        <span>devShells</span><span>.</span><span>default</span> <span>=</span> <span>pkgs</span><span>.</span><span>mkShell</span> <span>{</span>
          <span>packages</span> <span>=</span> <span>[</span>
            <span>pkgs</span><span>.</span><span>python311</span> <span># installs python311</span>
            <span>pkgs</span><span>.</span><span>python311Packages</span><span>.</span><span>fastapi</span> <span># installs fastapi library</span>
            <span>pkgs</span><span>.</span><span>python311Packages</span><span>.</span><span>uvicorn</span> <span># installs uvicorn</span>
          <span>];</span>
          <span>shellHook</span> <span>=</span> <span>''</span><span> </span><span> python --version</span><span> </span><span> ''</span><span>;</span>
        <span>};</span>
      <span>}</span>
    <span>);</span>
<span>}</span>
<span>{</span>
  <span>description</span> <span>=</span> <span>"Python development setup with Nix"</span><span>;</span>

  <span>inputs</span> <span>=</span> <span>{</span>
    <span>flake-utils</span><span>.</span><span>url</span> <span>=</span> <span>"github:numtide/flake-utils"</span><span>;</span>
    <span>nixpkgs</span><span>.</span><span>url</span> <span>=</span> <span>"github:nixos/nixpkgs?ref=nixos-unstable"</span><span>;</span>
  <span>};</span>

  <span>outputs</span> <span>=</span> <span>{</span> <span>self</span><span>,</span> <span>flake-utils</span><span>,</span> <span>nixpkgs</span><span>,</span> <span>...</span> <span>}:</span>
    <span>flake-utils</span><span>.</span><span>lib</span><span>.</span><span>eachDefaultSystem</span> <span>(</span>
      <span>system</span><span>:</span>
      <span>let</span>
        <span>pkgs</span> <span>=</span> <span>nixpkgs</span><span>.</span><span>legacyPackages</span><span>.</span><span>${</span><span>system</span><span>};</span>
      <span>in</span>
      <span>{</span>
        <span>devShells</span><span>.</span><span>default</span> <span>=</span> <span>pkgs</span><span>.</span><span>mkShell</span> <span>{</span>
          <span>packages</span> <span>=</span> <span>[</span>
            <span>pkgs</span><span>.</span><span>python311</span> <span># installs python311</span>
            <span>pkgs</span><span>.</span><span>python311Packages</span><span>.</span><span>fastapi</span> <span># installs fastapi library</span>
            <span>pkgs</span><span>.</span><span>python311Packages</span><span>.</span><span>uvicorn</span> <span># installs uvicorn</span>
          <span>];</span>

          <span>shellHook</span> <span>=</span> <span>''</span><span> </span><span> python --version</span><span> </span><span> ''</span><span>;</span>
        <span>};</span>
      <span>}</span>
    <span>);</span>
<span>}</span>
{
  description = "Python development setup with Nix";

  inputs = {
    flake-utils.url = "github:numtide/flake-utils";
    nixpkgs.url = "github:nixos/nixpkgs?ref=nixos-unstable";
  };

  outputs = { self, flake-utils, nixpkgs, ... }:
    flake-utils.lib.eachDefaultSystem (
      system:
      let
        pkgs = nixpkgs.legacyPackages.${system};
      in
      {
        devShells.default = pkgs.mkShell {
          packages = [
            pkgs.python311 # installs python311
            pkgs.python311Packages.fastapi # installs fastapi library
            pkgs.python311Packages.uvicorn # installs uvicorn
          ];

          shellHook = ''  python --version  '';
        };
      }
    );
}

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FastAPI main.py

<span>from</span> <span>fastapi</span> <span>import</span> <span>FastAPI</span>
<span>app</span> <span>=</span> <span>FastAPI</span><span>()</span>
<span>@app.get</span><span>(</span><span>"</span><span>/</span><span>"</span><span>)</span>
<span>def</span> <span>read_root</span><span>():</span>
    <span>return</span> <span>{</span><span>"</span><span>message</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>"</span><span>Hello from Nix + FastAPI!</span><span>"</span><span>}</span>
<span>from</span> <span>fastapi</span> <span>import</span> <span>FastAPI</span>

<span>app</span> <span>=</span> <span>FastAPI</span><span>()</span>

<span>@app.get</span><span>(</span><span>"</span><span>/</span><span>"</span><span>)</span>
<span>def</span> <span>read_root</span><span>():</span>
    <span>return</span> <span>{</span><span>"</span><span>message</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>"</span><span>Hello from Nix + FastAPI!</span><span>"</span><span>}</span>
from fastapi import FastAPI

app = FastAPI()

@app.get("/")
def read_root():
    return {"message": "Hello from Nix + FastAPI!"}

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Entering the Nix development shell

To enter the Nix development shell, run the following command:

nix develop
nix develop
nix develop

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This will enter the Nix development shell, where you can run your Python application and interact with the development environment.

You can now run packages you specified in the flake.nix file.

Running the FastAPI application

To run the FastAPI application, execute the following command:

uvicorn main:app <span>--reload</span>
uvicorn main:app <span>--reload</span>
uvicorn main:app --reload

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This will start the FastAPI application in development mode, allowing you to make changes and see them reflected in real-time.

You can notice above, without nix loaded. python is on version 3.12.8 and uvicorn was not installed.

With nix loaded, python is on version 3.11.11 and uvicorn is now installed!

Conclusion

That’s it! You’ve successfully set up a Python development environment using Nix. You can now start building your application and take advantage of the benefits of a reproducible and isolated development environment.

原文链接：Python Development with Nix