CS50 – Week 6

04311

Python

Python – foydalanish uchun qulay, ko’p qirrali dasturlash tili bo’lib, dasturlashga yangi kirganlar uchun ham, soha mutaxassislari uchun ham zo’r tanlov hisoblanadi.
C tilidan farqli o‘laroq, Python interpretatsiya qilinadigan til bo‘lib, unda dasturni alohida kompilyatsiya qilish shart emas. Buning o‘rniga dasturni Python interpretatorida ishga tushiriladi.

C tilida yozilgan "hello, world" xabarini ekranga chiqaruvchi kod Python tilida quyidagicha ifodalanadi: 

<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>"</span><span>hello, world</span><span>"</span><span>)</span>
<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>"</span><span>hello, world</span><span>"</span><span>)</span>
print("hello, world")

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E’tibor beradigan bo’lsak bunda hech qanday nuqtali vergul yo‘q va hech qanday kutubxona talab qilinmaydi. Pythonda C tilida ancha murakkab bo‘lgan kodlarni nisbatan oddiylik bilan amalga oshirishi mumkin.

O‘zgaruvchini e’lon qilish (Variable declaration) jarayoni Python tilida soddalashtirilgan. Masalan, C tilida o’zgaruvchini int counter = 0; kabi e’lon qilinadi. Python tilida esa o‘zgaruvchining turini e’lon qilish talab qilinmaydi: counter = 0.

Python’da ma’lumot turlarini aniq ko‘rsatish shart emas, uni interpretatorning o’zi o’zgaruvchining qiymatiga qarab aniqlashtirib oladi.
Python’da odatda quyidagi ma’lumot turlar qo‘llaniladi:

  • bool
  • float
  • int
  • str

C tilidagi kabi long va double turlari Python’da mavjud emas. Python katta va kichik sonlar uchun qaysi ma’lumot turini ishlatish kerakligini o‘zi hal qiladi.

Python’da qo’llaniladigan boshqa ma’lumot turlariga quyidagilar kiradi:

  • range
  • list
  • tuple
  • dict
  • set

Bu ma’lumot turlarining har birini C tilida ham amalga oshirish mumkin, biroq Python’da ularni yanada soddaroq tarzda qo‘llash imkoniyati mavjud.

Shart operatorlari

Python’da shart operatorlaridan foydalanganda qavslar – () majburiy emas.
Python’da {} o‘rniga indentatsiya ishlatiladi.
else if C’da ishlatilsa, Python’da buning o‘rniga elif qo‘llaniladi.
if, elif va else operatorlaridan keyin qo’sh nuqta : qo‘yiladi. 

<span>from</span> <span>cs50</span> <span>import</span> <span>get_int</span>
<span>x</span> <span>=</span> <span>get_int</span><span>(</span><span>"</span><span>x ni kiriting: </span><span>"</span><span>)</span>
<span>y</span> <span>=</span> <span>get_int</span><span>(</span><span>"</span><span>y ni kiriting: </span><span>"</span><span>)</span>
<span>if</span> <span>x</span> <span><</span> <span>y</span><span>:</span>
    <span>print</span><span>(</span><span>"</span><span>x soni y sonidan kichik</span><span>"</span><span>)</span>
<span>elif</span> <span>x</span> <span>></span> <span>y</span><span>:</span>
    <span>print</span><span>(</span><span>"</span><span>x soni y sonidan katta</span><span>"</span><span>)</span>
<span>else</span><span>:</span>
    <span>print</span><span>(</span><span>"</span><span>x soni y soniga teng</span><span>"</span><span>)</span>
<span>from</span> <span>cs50</span> <span>import</span> <span>get_int</span>

<span>x</span> <span>=</span> <span>get_int</span><span>(</span><span>"</span><span>x ni kiriting: </span><span>"</span><span>)</span>
<span>y</span> <span>=</span> <span>get_int</span><span>(</span><span>"</span><span>y ni kiriting: </span><span>"</span><span>)</span>

<span>if</span> <span>x</span> <span><</span> <span>y</span><span>:</span>
    <span>print</span><span>(</span><span>"</span><span>x soni y sonidan kichik</span><span>"</span><span>)</span>
<span>elif</span> <span>x</span> <span>></span> <span>y</span><span>:</span>
    <span>print</span><span>(</span><span>"</span><span>x soni y sonidan katta</span><span>"</span><span>)</span>
<span>else</span><span>:</span>
    <span>print</span><span>(</span><span>"</span><span>x soni y soniga teng</span><span>"</span><span>)</span>
from cs50 import get_int

x = get_int("x ni kiriting: ")
y = get_int("y ni kiriting: ")

if x < y:
    print("x soni y sonidan kichik")
elif x > y:
    print("x soni y sonidan katta")
else:
    print("x soni y soniga teng")

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C’da || bilan ifodalanadigan “yoki” mantiqiy operatori Python’da or bilan almashtiriladi.
Python’da char o‘rniga str ishlatiladi, bu esa bitta belgi yoki satr bilan ishlash imkonini beradi. 

<span>from</span> <span>cs50</span> <span>import</span> <span>get_string</span>
<span>s</span> <span>=</span> <span>get_string</span><span>(</span><span>"</span><span>Ma</span><span>'</span><span>lumotlar o</span><span>'</span><span>zgartirilishiga rozimisiz? </span><span>"</span><span>)</span>
<span>if</span> <span>s</span> <span>==</span> <span>"</span><span>Y</span><span>"</span> <span>or</span> <span>s</span> <span>==</span> <span>"</span><span>y</span><span>"</span><span>:</span>
    <span>print</span><span>(</span><span>"</span><span>Ha.</span><span>"</span><span>)</span>
<span>elif</span> <span>s</span> <span>==</span> <span>"</span><span>N</span><span>"</span> <span>or</span> <span>s</span> <span>==</span> <span>"</span><span>n</span><span>"</span><span>:</span>
    <span>print</span><span>(</span><span>"</span><span>Yo</span><span>'</span><span>q.</span><span>"</span><span>)</span>
<span>from</span> <span>cs50</span> <span>import</span> <span>get_string</span>
<span>s</span> <span>=</span> <span>get_string</span><span>(</span><span>"</span><span>Ma</span><span>'</span><span>lumotlar o</span><span>'</span><span>zgartirilishiga rozimisiz? </span><span>"</span><span>)</span>

<span>if</span> <span>s</span> <span>==</span> <span>"</span><span>Y</span><span>"</span> <span>or</span> <span>s</span> <span>==</span> <span>"</span><span>y</span><span>"</span><span>:</span>
    <span>print</span><span>(</span><span>"</span><span>Ha.</span><span>"</span><span>)</span>
<span>elif</span> <span>s</span> <span>==</span> <span>"</span><span>N</span><span>"</span> <span>or</span> <span>s</span> <span>==</span> <span>"</span><span>n</span><span>"</span><span>:</span>
    <span>print</span><span>(</span><span>"</span><span>Yo</span><span>'</span><span>q.</span><span>"</span><span>)</span>
from cs50 import get_string
s = get_string("Ma'lumotlar o'zgartirilishiga rozimisiz? ")

if s == "Y" or s == "y":
    print("Ha.")
elif s == "N" or s == "n":
    print("Yo'q.")

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Takrorlash operatorlari

Python’da takrorlanish operatorlari (loops) sintaksisi C ga juda o‘xshash, lekin sodda va tushunarliroq.
while sikli yordamida “meow” xabarini ekranga chiqaramiz: 

<span>i</span> <span>=</span> <span>0</span>
<span>while</span> <span>i</span> <span><</span> <span>3</span><span>:</span>
    <span>print</span><span>(</span><span>"</span><span>meow</span><span>"</span><span>)</span>
    <span>i</span> <span>+=</span> <span>1</span>
<span>i</span> <span>=</span> <span>0</span>
<span>while</span> <span>i</span> <span><</span> <span>3</span><span>:</span>
    <span>print</span><span>(</span><span>"</span><span>meow</span><span>"</span><span>)</span>
    <span>i</span> <span>+=</span> <span>1</span>
i = 0
while i < 3:
    print("meow")
    i += 1

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for sikli yordamida yuqoridagi kodni yana ham soddalashtirishimiz mumkin: 

<span>for</span> <span>i</span> <span>in</span> <span>range</span><span>(</span><span>3</span><span>):</span>
    <span>print</span><span>(</span><span>"</span><span>meow</span><span>"</span><span>)</span>
<span>for</span> <span>i</span> <span>in</span> <span>range</span><span>(</span><span>3</span><span>):</span>
    <span>print</span><span>(</span><span>"</span><span>meow</span><span>"</span><span>)</span>
for i in range(3):
    print("meow")

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Bu yerda ining qiymatini Python avtomatik ravishda oshirib boradi.
Shuningdek, yuqoridagi kodni quyidagicha yozishimiz mumkin: 

<span>def</span> <span>main</span><span>():</span>
    <span>meow</span><span>(</span><span>3</span><span>)</span>
<span>def</span> <span>meow</span><span>(</span><span>n</span><span>):</span>
    <span>for</span> <span>i</span> <span>in</span> <span>range</span><span>(</span><span>n</span><span>):</span>
        <span>print</span><span>(</span><span>"</span><span>meow</span><span>"</span><span>)</span>
<span>main</span><span>()</span>
<span>def</span> <span>main</span><span>():</span>
    <span>meow</span><span>(</span><span>3</span><span>)</span>


<span>def</span> <span>meow</span><span>(</span><span>n</span><span>):</span>
    <span>for</span> <span>i</span> <span>in</span> <span>range</span><span>(</span><span>n</span><span>):</span>
        <span>print</span><span>(</span><span>"</span><span>meow</span><span>"</span><span>)</span>


<span>main</span><span>()</span>
def main():
    meow(3)


def meow(n):
    for i in range(n):
        print("meow")


main()

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Bunday yondashuv kodni modullashtiradi.

List (Ro’yxat)

List yordamida bir o’zgaruvchida ko’p qiymatlar saqlashimiz mumkin. Listlarning elementlariga indexsi orqali murojaat qila olamiz. 

<span>scores</span> <span>=</span> <span>[</span><span>72</span><span>,</span> <span>73</span><span>,</span> <span>33</span><span>]</span>
<span># O'rtacha qiymatni topamiz </span><span>average</span> <span>=</span> <span>sum</span><span>(</span><span>scores</span><span>)</span> <span>/</span> <span>len</span><span>(</span><span>scores</span><span>)</span>
<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>f</span><span>"</span><span>Average: </span><span>{</span><span>average</span><span>}</span><span>"</span><span>)</span>
<span>scores</span> <span>=</span> <span>[</span><span>72</span><span>,</span> <span>73</span><span>,</span> <span>33</span><span>]</span>

<span># O'rtacha qiymatni topamiz </span><span>average</span> <span>=</span> <span>sum</span><span>(</span><span>scores</span><span>)</span> <span>/</span> <span>len</span><span>(</span><span>scores</span><span>)</span>
<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>f</span><span>"</span><span>Average: </span><span>{</span><span>average</span><span>}</span><span>"</span><span>)</span>
scores = [72, 73, 33]

# O'rtacha qiymatni topamiz average = sum(scores) / len(scores)
print(f"Average: {average}")

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len() metodi yordamida listing uzunligini, ya’ni elementlar sonini aniqlaymiz.
sum() metodi yordamida sonlardan iborat bo’lgan listning elemtlari yig’indisini hisoblaymiz.

Foydalanuvchidan qiymatlarni olish uchun sikldan foydalanish mumkin: 

<span>from</span> <span>cs50</span> <span>import</span> <span>get_int</span>
<span># Foydalanuvchidan qiymatlarni kiritishni so'raymiz </span><span>scores</span> <span>=</span> <span>[]</span>
<span>for</span> <span>i</span> <span>in</span> <span>range</span><span>(</span><span>3</span><span>):</span>
    <span>score</span> <span>=</span> <span>get_int</span><span>(</span><span>"</span><span>Score: </span><span>"</span><span>)</span>
    <span>scores</span><span>.</span><span>append</span><span>(</span><span>score</span><span>)</span>
<span># O'rtacha qiymatni topamiz </span><span>average</span> <span>=</span> <span>sum</span><span>(</span><span>scores</span><span>)</span> <span>/</span> <span>len</span><span>(</span><span>scores</span><span>)</span>
<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>f</span><span>"</span><span>Average: </span><span>{</span><span>average</span><span>}</span><span>"</span><span>)</span>
<span>from</span> <span>cs50</span> <span>import</span> <span>get_int</span>

<span># Foydalanuvchidan qiymatlarni kiritishni so'raymiz </span><span>scores</span> <span>=</span> <span>[]</span>
<span>for</span> <span>i</span> <span>in</span> <span>range</span><span>(</span><span>3</span><span>):</span>
    <span>score</span> <span>=</span> <span>get_int</span><span>(</span><span>"</span><span>Score: </span><span>"</span><span>)</span>
    <span>scores</span><span>.</span><span>append</span><span>(</span><span>score</span><span>)</span>

<span># O'rtacha qiymatni topamiz </span><span>average</span> <span>=</span> <span>sum</span><span>(</span><span>scores</span><span>)</span> <span>/</span> <span>len</span><span>(</span><span>scores</span><span>)</span>
<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>f</span><span>"</span><span>Average: </span><span>{</span><span>average</span><span>}</span><span>"</span><span>)</span>
from cs50 import get_int

# Foydalanuvchidan qiymatlarni kiritishni so'raymiz scores = []
for i in range(3):
    score = get_int("Score: ")
    scores.append(score)

# O'rtacha qiymatni topamiz average = sum(scores) / len(scores)
print(f"Average: {average}")

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append metodi listga yangi qiymat qo‘shadi.

Python’da list ichida qiymatni qidirish uchun sikldan foydalanish yoki qisqaroq usuldan foydalanish mumkin: 

<span># Ismlar ro'yxati </span><span>names</span> <span>=</span> <span>[</span><span>"</span><span>Carter</span><span>"</span><span>,</span> <span>"</span><span>David</span><span>"</span><span>,</span> <span>"</span><span>John</span><span>"</span><span>]</span>
<span># Foydalanuvchidan ism kiritishni so'raymiz </span><span>name</span> <span>=</span> <span>input</span><span>(</span><span>"</span><span>Name: </span><span>"</span><span>)</span>
<span># Ro'yxatdan qidiramiz </span><span>if</span> <span>name</span> <span>in</span> <span>names</span><span>:</span>
    <span>print</span><span>(</span><span>"</span><span>Topildi</span><span>"</span><span>)</span>
<span>else</span><span>:</span>
    <span>print</span><span>(</span><span>"</span><span>Topilmadi</span><span>"</span>
<span># Ismlar ro'yxati </span><span>names</span> <span>=</span> <span>[</span><span>"</span><span>Carter</span><span>"</span><span>,</span> <span>"</span><span>David</span><span>"</span><span>,</span> <span>"</span><span>John</span><span>"</span><span>]</span>

<span># Foydalanuvchidan ism kiritishni so'raymiz </span><span>name</span> <span>=</span> <span>input</span><span>(</span><span>"</span><span>Name: </span><span>"</span><span>)</span>

<span># Ro'yxatdan qidiramiz </span><span>if</span> <span>name</span> <span>in</span> <span>names</span><span>:</span>
    <span>print</span><span>(</span><span>"</span><span>Topildi</span><span>"</span><span>)</span>
<span>else</span><span>:</span>
    <span>print</span><span>(</span><span>"</span><span>Topilmadi</span><span>"</span>
# Ismlar ro'yxati names = ["Carter", "David", "John"]

# Foydalanuvchidan ism kiritishni so'raymiz name = input("Name: ")

# Ro'yxatdan qidiramiz if name in names:
    print("Topildi")
else:
    print("Topilmadi"

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in operatori list ichida qaralayotgan qiymat bor-yo‘qligini tekshiradi.

Dictionary (Lug’at)

Dictionary — bu kalit-qiymat juftliklari bo‘lib, qidiruv jarayonini tezlashtiradi. 

<span>from</span> <span>cs50</span> <span>import</span> <span>get_string</span>
<span>people</span> <span>=</span> <span>{</span>
    <span>"</span><span>Carter</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>"</span><span>+1-617-495-1000</span><span>"</span><span>,</span>
    <span>"</span><span>David</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>"</span><span>+1-617-495-1000</span><span>"</span><span>,</span>
    <span>"</span><span>John</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>"</span><span>+1-949-468-2750</span><span>"</span><span>,</span>
<span>}</span>
<span># Kiritilgan ismni qo'yxatdan qidiramiz </span><span>name</span> <span>=</span> <span>get_string</span><span>(</span><span>"</span><span>Name: </span><span>"</span><span>)</span>
<span>if</span> <span>name</span> <span>in</span> <span>people</span><span>:</span>
    <span>print</span><span>(</span><span>f</span><span>"</span><span>Telefon raqam: </span><span>{</span><span>people</span><span>[</span><span>name</span><span>]</span><span>}</span><span>"</span><span>)</span>
<span>else</span><span>:</span>
    <span>print</span><span>(</span><span>"</span><span>Topilmadi</span><span>"</span><span>)</span>
<span>from</span> <span>cs50</span> <span>import</span> <span>get_string</span>

<span>people</span> <span>=</span> <span>{</span>
    <span>"</span><span>Carter</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>"</span><span>+1-617-495-1000</span><span>"</span><span>,</span>
    <span>"</span><span>David</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>"</span><span>+1-617-495-1000</span><span>"</span><span>,</span>
    <span>"</span><span>John</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>"</span><span>+1-949-468-2750</span><span>"</span><span>,</span>
<span>}</span>

<span># Kiritilgan ismni qo'yxatdan qidiramiz </span><span>name</span> <span>=</span> <span>get_string</span><span>(</span><span>"</span><span>Name: </span><span>"</span><span>)</span>
<span>if</span> <span>name</span> <span>in</span> <span>people</span><span>:</span>
    <span>print</span><span>(</span><span>f</span><span>"</span><span>Telefon raqam: </span><span>{</span><span>people</span><span>[</span><span>name</span><span>]</span><span>}</span><span>"</span><span>)</span>
<span>else</span><span>:</span>
    <span>print</span><span>(</span><span>"</span><span>Topilmadi</span><span>"</span><span>)</span>
from cs50 import get_string

people = {
    "Carter": "+1-617-495-1000",
    "David": "+1-617-495-1000",
    "John": "+1-949-468-2750",
}

# Kiritilgan ismni qo'yxatdan qidiramiz name = get_string("Name: ")
if name in people:
    print(f"Telefon raqam: {people[name]}")
else:
    print("Topilmadi")

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people[name] orqali lug‘at ichidan mos qiymat olinadi.
Lug‘atning qidirish tezligi odatda O(1).

Buyruq Qatori Argumentlari

Python’da sys kutubxonasi yordamida buyruq qatori argumentlarini ishlatish mumkin: 

<span>from</span> <span>sys</span> <span>import</span> <span>argv</span>
<span>if</span> <span>len</span><span>(</span><span>argv</span><span>)</span> <span>==</span> <span>2</span><span>:</span>
    <span>print</span><span>(</span><span>f</span><span>"</span><span>salom, </span><span>{</span><span>argv</span><span>[</span><span>1</span><span>]</span><span>}</span><span>"</span><span>)</span>
<span>else</span><span>:</span>
    <span>print</span><span>(</span><span>"</span><span>salom, dunyo</span><span>"</span><span>)</span>
<span>from</span> <span>sys</span> <span>import</span> <span>argv</span>

<span>if</span> <span>len</span><span>(</span><span>argv</span><span>)</span> <span>==</span> <span>2</span><span>:</span>
    <span>print</span><span>(</span><span>f</span><span>"</span><span>salom, </span><span>{</span><span>argv</span><span>[</span><span>1</span><span>]</span><span>}</span><span>"</span><span>)</span>
<span>else</span><span>:</span>
    <span>print</span><span>(</span><span>"</span><span>salom, dunyo</span><span>"</span><span>)</span>
from sys import argv

if len(argv) == 2:
    print(f"salom, {argv[1]}")
else:
    print("salom, dunyo")

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argv – argumentlar ro‘yxatini o‘z ichiga oladi, birinchi element esa fayl nomidir.
Barcha argumentlarni ekranga chiqaramiz: 

<span>from</span> <span>sys</span> <span>import</span> <span>argv</span>
<span>for</span> <span>arg</span> <span>in</span> <span>argv</span><span>:</span>
    <span>print</span><span>(</span><span>arg</span><span>)</span>
<span>from</span> <span>sys</span> <span>import</span> <span>argv</span>

<span>for</span> <span>arg</span> <span>in</span> <span>argv</span><span>:</span>
    <span>print</span><span>(</span><span>arg</span><span>)</span>
from sys import argv

for arg in argv:
    print(arg)

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Dastur qanday holatda yakunlagnanini bildirish uchun ma’lum chiqish kodlari (exit status) dan foydalanamiz: 

<span>import</span> <span>sys</span>
<span>if</span> <span>len</span><span>(</span><span>sys</span><span>.</span><span>argv</span><span>)</span> <span>!=</span> <span>2</span><span>:</span>
    <span>print</span><span>(</span><span>"</span><span>Buyruq qatori argumentini kiriting.</span><span>"</span><span>)</span>
    <span>sys</span><span>.</span><span>exit</span><span>(</span><span>1</span><span>)</span>
<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>f</span><span>"</span><span>salom, </span><span>{</span><span>sys</span><span>.</span><span>argv</span><span>[</span><span>1</span><span>]</span><span>}</span><span>"</span><span>)</span>
<span>sys</span><span>.</span><span>exit</span><span>(</span><span>0</span><span>)</span>
<span>import</span> <span>sys</span>

<span>if</span> <span>len</span><span>(</span><span>sys</span><span>.</span><span>argv</span><span>)</span> <span>!=</span> <span>2</span><span>:</span>
    <span>print</span><span>(</span><span>"</span><span>Buyruq qatori argumentini kiriting.</span><span>"</span><span>)</span>
    <span>sys</span><span>.</span><span>exit</span><span>(</span><span>1</span><span>)</span>

<span>print</span><span>(</span><span>f</span><span>"</span><span>salom, </span><span>{</span><span>sys</span><span>.</span><span>argv</span><span>[</span><span>1</span><span>]</span><span>}</span><span>"</span><span>)</span>
<span>sys</span><span>.</span><span>exit</span><span>(</span><span>0</span><span>)</span>
import sys

if len(sys.argv) != 2:
    print("Buyruq qatori argumentini kiriting.")
    sys.exit(1)

print(f"salom, {sys.argv[1]}")
sys.exit(0)

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sys.exit() yordamida chiqish kodi qaytariladi (masalan, 0 — dastur muvaffaqiyatli yakunlanganligini bildiradi).

Ushbu maqolada CS50x 2024 manbasidan foydalanilgan.

原文链接：CS50 – Week 6

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