Matplotlib Tutorial: Let’s Take Your Country Maps to Another Level

In this tutorial, I will create a reusable and flexible function that allows me to instantly draw a beautiful map of any area.

With such a function, I can save a ton of time when I want to create charts or infographics with a geographical component.

I also want to show the power of reusable code since many programmers working with data visualization forget about such best practices.

If you’re a Medium, you can find the tutorial there as well. I would also love to see you at my free newsletter, Data Wonder, and on Twitter.

With that said, let’s get started.

---

Step 1: Download geo data

The only thing you need to do before you can start the tutorial is to download geo data from here:

https://datacatalog.worldbank.org/search/dataset/0038272/World-Bank-Official-Boundaries

I use the one called World Boundaries GeoJSON — Very High Resolution.

It’s the official boundaries from the World Bank and a public dataset you can use however you want.

---

Step 2: Import libraries

As usual, we start by importing the necessary libraries, and we don’t need many. Since we have geographical data, we want geopandas to make plotting as easy as possible.

<span>import</span> <span>numpy</span> <span>as</span> <span>np</span>
<span>import</span> <span>pandas</span> <span>as</span> <span>pd</span>
<span>import</span> <span>seaborn</span> <span>as</span> <span>sns</span>
<span>import</span> <span>geopandas</span> <span>as</span> <span>gpd</span>
<span>import</span> <span>matplotlib.pyplot</span> <span>as</span> <span>plt</span>
<span>import</span> <span>matplotlib.patheffects</span> <span>as</span> <span>PathEffects</span>
<span>from</span> <span>matplotlib.patches</span> <span>import</span> <span>Polygon</span>
<span>import</span> <span>numpy</span> <span>as</span> <span>np</span>
<span>import</span> <span>pandas</span> <span>as</span> <span>pd</span>
<span>import</span> <span>seaborn</span> <span>as</span> <span>sns</span>
<span>import</span> <span>geopandas</span> <span>as</span> <span>gpd</span>
<span>import</span> <span>matplotlib.pyplot</span> <span>as</span> <span>plt</span>

<span>import</span> <span>matplotlib.patheffects</span> <span>as</span> <span>PathEffects</span>
<span>from</span> <span>matplotlib.patches</span> <span>import</span> <span>Polygon</span>
import numpy as np
import pandas as pd
import seaborn as sns
import geopandas as gpd
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

import matplotlib.patheffects as PathEffects
from matplotlib.patches import Polygon

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One import that you might have yet to see is PathEffects. I will use that to create a border around the country labels later.

---

Step 3: Create a seaborn style

Before plotting, I always create a seaborn style to get a coherent look. Here, I only define a background_color, font_family, and text_color. I’m setting the background to light blue to represent the ocean.

<span>font_family</span> <span>=</span> <span>"</span><span>sans</span><span>"</span>
<span>background_color</span> <span>=</span> <span>"</span><span>#D4F1F4</span><span>"</span>
<span>text_color</span> <span>=</span> <span>"</span><span>#040303</span><span>"</span>
<span>sns</span><span>.</span><span>set_style</span><span>({</span>
    <span>"</span><span>axes.facecolor</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>background_color</span><span>,</span>
    <span>"</span><span>figure.facecolor</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>background_color</span><span>,</span>
    <span>"</span><span>font.family</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>font_family</span><span>,</span>
    <span>"</span><span>text.color</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>text_color</span><span>,</span>
<span>})</span>
<span>font_family</span> <span>=</span> <span>"</span><span>sans</span><span>"</span>
<span>background_color</span> <span>=</span> <span>"</span><span>#D4F1F4</span><span>"</span>
<span>text_color</span> <span>=</span> <span>"</span><span>#040303</span><span>"</span>

<span>sns</span><span>.</span><span>set_style</span><span>({</span>
    <span>"</span><span>axes.facecolor</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>background_color</span><span>,</span>
    <span>"</span><span>figure.facecolor</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>background_color</span><span>,</span>
    <span>"</span><span>font.family</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>font_family</span><span>,</span>
    <span>"</span><span>text.color</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>text_color</span><span>,</span>
<span>})</span>
font_family = "sans"
background_color = "#D4F1F4"
text_color = "#040303"

sns.set_style({
    "axes.facecolor": background_color,
    "figure.facecolor": background_color,
    "font.family": font_family,
    "text.color": text_color,
})

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You can style other chart aspects, such as the grid, but I prefer to hide most standard chart components when drawing maps with plt.axis(“off”).

---

Step 4: Load geo data

Now it’s time to load the geo-data from the World Bank using geopandas. I’m changing the CONTINENT of Seychelles and INCOME_GRP of Equatorial Guinea.

It’s not as strange as it looks because Seychelles is a part of Africa, and Equatorial Guinea is in the “Upper middle income” group according to the latest data from the World Bank.

<span>world</span> <span>=</span> <span>gpd</span><span>.</span><span>read_file</span><span>(</span><span>"</span><span>WB_Boundaries_GeoJSON_highres/WB_countries_Admin0.geojson</span><span>"</span><span>)</span>
<span>world</span><span>.</span><span>loc</span><span>[</span><span>world</span><span>.</span><span>NAME_EN</span> <span>==</span> <span>"</span><span>Seychelles</span><span>"</span><span>,</span> <span>"</span><span>CONTINENT</span><span>"</span><span>]</span> <span>=</span> <span>"</span><span>Africa</span><span>"</span>
<span>world</span><span>.</span><span>loc</span><span>[</span><span>world</span><span>.</span><span>NAME_EN</span> <span>==</span> <span>"</span><span>Equatorial Guinea</span><span>"</span><span>,</span> <span>"</span><span>INCOME_GRP</span><span>"</span><span>]</span> <span>=</span> <span>"</span><span>3. Upper middle income</span><span>"</span>
<span>africa</span> <span>=</span> <span>world</span><span>[</span><span>world</span><span>.</span><span>CONTINENT</span> <span>==</span> <span>"</span><span>Africa</span><span>"</span><span>].</span><span>reset_index</span><span>(</span><span>drop</span><span>=</span><span>True</span><span>)</span>
<span>disputed_areas</span> <span>=</span> <span>gpd</span><span>.</span><span>read_file</span><span>(</span><span>"</span><span>WB_Boundaries_GeoJSON_highres/WB_Admin0_disputed_areas.geojson</span><span>"</span><span>)</span>
<span>disputed_areas</span> <span>=</span> <span>disputed_areas</span><span>[</span><span>disputed_areas</span><span>.</span><span>CONTINENT</span> <span>==</span> <span>"</span><span>Africa</span><span>"</span><span>]</span>
<span>world</span> <span>=</span> <span>gpd</span><span>.</span><span>read_file</span><span>(</span><span>"</span><span>WB_Boundaries_GeoJSON_highres/WB_countries_Admin0.geojson</span><span>"</span><span>)</span>
<span>world</span><span>.</span><span>loc</span><span>[</span><span>world</span><span>.</span><span>NAME_EN</span> <span>==</span> <span>"</span><span>Seychelles</span><span>"</span><span>,</span> <span>"</span><span>CONTINENT</span><span>"</span><span>]</span> <span>=</span> <span>"</span><span>Africa</span><span>"</span>
<span>world</span><span>.</span><span>loc</span><span>[</span><span>world</span><span>.</span><span>NAME_EN</span> <span>==</span> <span>"</span><span>Equatorial Guinea</span><span>"</span><span>,</span> <span>"</span><span>INCOME_GRP</span><span>"</span><span>]</span> <span>=</span> <span>"</span><span>3. Upper middle income</span><span>"</span>

<span>africa</span> <span>=</span> <span>world</span><span>[</span><span>world</span><span>.</span><span>CONTINENT</span> <span>==</span> <span>"</span><span>Africa</span><span>"</span><span>].</span><span>reset_index</span><span>(</span><span>drop</span><span>=</span><span>True</span><span>)</span>

<span>disputed_areas</span> <span>=</span> <span>gpd</span><span>.</span><span>read_file</span><span>(</span><span>"</span><span>WB_Boundaries_GeoJSON_highres/WB_Admin0_disputed_areas.geojson</span><span>"</span><span>)</span>
<span>disputed_areas</span> <span>=</span> <span>disputed_areas</span><span>[</span><span>disputed_areas</span><span>.</span><span>CONTINENT</span> <span>==</span> <span>"</span><span>Africa</span><span>"</span><span>]</span>
world = gpd.read_file("WB_Boundaries_GeoJSON_highres/WB_countries_Admin0.geojson")
world.loc[world.NAME_EN == "Seychelles", "CONTINENT"] = "Africa"
world.loc[world.NAME_EN == "Equatorial Guinea", "INCOME_GRP"] = "3. Upper middle income"

africa = world[world.CONTINENT == "Africa"].reset_index(drop=True)

disputed_areas = gpd.read_file("WB_Boundaries_GeoJSON_highres/WB_Admin0_disputed_areas.geojson")
disputed_areas = disputed_areas[disputed_areas.CONTINENT == "Africa"]

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Next, I separate the African countries because I want to plot them separately as the focus of my chart, and I do the same for disputed areas.

---

Step 5: Creating the draw map function

Now, I’m ready to create the first version of the function that will draw the map. I will extend it with some additional functions later on.

This first version loops over a list of geopandas data frames and plots them using the color and edgecolor columns.

The function takes a few parameters I don’t use yet, but they will be helpful later in the tutorial.

<span>def</span> <span>draw_map</span><span>(</span>
    <span>maps_to_draw</span><span>,</span> 
    <span>boundry_map_index</span><span>=</span><span>0</span><span>,</span>
    <span>use_hatch_for_indexes</span><span>=</span><span>[],</span>
    <span>padding</span><span>=</span><span>{},</span>
    <span>labels</span><span>=</span><span>[],</span>
    <span>figsize</span><span>=</span><span>(</span><span>40</span><span>,</span> <span>40</span><span>)</span>
<span>):</span>
    <span>assert</span> <span>"</span><span>color</span><span>"</span> <span>in</span> <span>maps_to_draw</span><span>[</span><span>0</span><span>].</span><span>columns</span><span>,</span> <span>"</span><span>Missing color column in map dataframe</span><span>"</span>
    <span>assert</span> <span>"</span><span>edgecolor</span><span>"</span> <span>in</span> <span>maps_to_draw</span><span>[</span><span>0</span><span>].</span><span>columns</span><span>,</span> <span>"</span><span>Missing edgecolor column in map dataframe</span><span>"</span>
    <span>fig</span> <span>=</span> <span>plt</span><span>.</span><span>figure</span><span>(</span><span>figsize</span><span>=</span><span>figsize</span><span>)</span>
    <span>ax</span> <span>=</span> <span>fig</span><span>.</span><span>add_subplot</span><span>()</span>
    <span>for</span> <span>map_index</span><span>,</span> <span>map_to_draw</span> <span>in</span> <span>enumerate</span><span>(</span><span>maps_to_draw</span><span>):</span>
        <span>map_to_draw</span><span>.</span><span>plot</span><span>(</span>
            <span>ax</span><span>=</span><span>ax</span><span>,</span> <span>color</span><span>=</span><span>map_to_draw</span><span>.</span><span>color</span><span>,</span> <span>edgecolor</span><span>=</span><span>map_to_draw</span><span>.</span><span>edgecolor</span><span>,</span>
            <span>hatch</span><span>=</span><span>"</span><span>//</span><span>"</span> <span>if</span> <span>map_index</span> <span>in</span> <span>use_hatch_for_indexes</span> <span>else</span> <span>""</span><span>,</span>
        <span>)</span>
    <span># Additional functions below this comment </span>
    <span>return</span> <span>ax</span>
<span>def</span> <span>draw_map</span><span>(</span>
    <span>maps_to_draw</span><span>,</span> 
    <span>boundry_map_index</span><span>=</span><span>0</span><span>,</span>
    <span>use_hatch_for_indexes</span><span>=</span><span>[],</span>
    <span>padding</span><span>=</span><span>{},</span>
    <span>labels</span><span>=</span><span>[],</span>
    <span>figsize</span><span>=</span><span>(</span><span>40</span><span>,</span> <span>40</span><span>)</span>
<span>):</span>

    <span>assert</span> <span>"</span><span>color</span><span>"</span> <span>in</span> <span>maps_to_draw</span><span>[</span><span>0</span><span>].</span><span>columns</span><span>,</span> <span>"</span><span>Missing color column in map dataframe</span><span>"</span>
    <span>assert</span> <span>"</span><span>edgecolor</span><span>"</span> <span>in</span> <span>maps_to_draw</span><span>[</span><span>0</span><span>].</span><span>columns</span><span>,</span> <span>"</span><span>Missing edgecolor column in map dataframe</span><span>"</span>

    <span>fig</span> <span>=</span> <span>plt</span><span>.</span><span>figure</span><span>(</span><span>figsize</span><span>=</span><span>figsize</span><span>)</span>
    <span>ax</span> <span>=</span> <span>fig</span><span>.</span><span>add_subplot</span><span>()</span>

    <span>for</span> <span>map_index</span><span>,</span> <span>map_to_draw</span> <span>in</span> <span>enumerate</span><span>(</span><span>maps_to_draw</span><span>):</span>
        <span>map_to_draw</span><span>.</span><span>plot</span><span>(</span>
            <span>ax</span><span>=</span><span>ax</span><span>,</span> <span>color</span><span>=</span><span>map_to_draw</span><span>.</span><span>color</span><span>,</span> <span>edgecolor</span><span>=</span><span>map_to_draw</span><span>.</span><span>edgecolor</span><span>,</span>
            <span>hatch</span><span>=</span><span>"</span><span>//</span><span>"</span> <span>if</span> <span>map_index</span> <span>in</span> <span>use_hatch_for_indexes</span> <span>else</span> <span>""</span><span>,</span>
        <span>)</span>

    <span># Additional functions below this comment </span>
    <span>return</span> <span>ax</span>
def draw_map(
    maps_to_draw, 
    boundry_map_index=0,
    use_hatch_for_indexes=[],
    padding={},
    labels=[],
    figsize=(40, 40)
):

    assert "color" in maps_to_draw[0].columns, "Missing color column in map dataframe"
    assert "edgecolor" in maps_to_draw[0].columns, "Missing edgecolor column in map dataframe"

    fig = plt.figure(figsize=figsize)
    ax = fig.add_subplot()

    for map_index, map_to_draw in enumerate(maps_to_draw):
        map_to_draw.plot(
            ax=ax, color=map_to_draw.color, edgecolor=map_to_draw.edgecolor,
            hatch="//" if map_index in use_hatch_for_indexes else "",
        )

    # Additional functions below this comment 
    return ax

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I want draw_map() to return the ax object because I often want to extend the chart with additional information based on the use case.

To use draw_map(), I must define the color and edgecolor columns for each geopandas data frame I want to plot.

I define the colors for world to draw every country as a faint background. For africa, I select bolder colors using the three income groups represented in the data.

One tip when selecting colors is to check your colors for color blindness using Coloring for Colorblindness.

<span>world</span><span>[</span><span>"</span><span>color</span><span>"</span><span>]</span> <span>=</span> <span>"</span><span>#f0f0f0</span><span>"</span>
<span>world</span><span>[</span><span>"</span><span>edgecolor</span><span>"</span><span>]</span> <span>=</span> <span>"</span><span>#c0c0c0</span><span>"</span>
<span>africa</span><span>[</span><span>"</span><span>edgecolor</span><span>"</span><span>]</span> <span>=</span> <span>"</span><span>#000000</span><span>"</span>
<span>africa</span><span>.</span><span>loc</span><span>[</span><span>africa</span><span>.</span><span>INCOME_GRP</span> <span>==</span> <span>"</span><span>5. Low income</span><span>"</span><span>,</span> <span>"</span><span>color</span><span>"</span><span>]</span> <span>=</span> <span>"</span><span>#dadada</span><span>"</span>
<span>africa</span><span>.</span><span>loc</span><span>[</span><span>africa</span><span>.</span><span>INCOME_GRP</span> <span>==</span> <span>"</span><span>4. Lower middle income</span><span>"</span><span>,</span> <span>"</span><span>color</span><span>"</span><span>]</span> <span>=</span> <span>"</span><span>#89bab2</span><span>"</span>
<span>africa</span><span>.</span><span>loc</span><span>[</span><span>africa</span><span>.</span><span>INCOME_GRP</span> <span>==</span> <span>"</span><span>3. Upper middle income</span><span>"</span><span>,</span> <span>"</span><span>color</span><span>"</span><span>]</span> <span>=</span> <span>"</span><span>#1B998B</span><span>"</span>
<span>disputed_areas</span><span>[</span><span>"</span><span>color</span><span>"</span><span>]</span> <span>=</span> <span>"</span><span>#FFD6D6</span><span>"</span>
<span>disputed_areas</span><span>[</span><span>"</span><span>edgecolor</span><span>"</span><span>]</span> <span>=</span> <span>"</span><span>#000000</span><span>"</span>
<span>world</span><span>[</span><span>"</span><span>color</span><span>"</span><span>]</span> <span>=</span> <span>"</span><span>#f0f0f0</span><span>"</span>
<span>world</span><span>[</span><span>"</span><span>edgecolor</span><span>"</span><span>]</span> <span>=</span> <span>"</span><span>#c0c0c0</span><span>"</span>

<span>africa</span><span>[</span><span>"</span><span>edgecolor</span><span>"</span><span>]</span> <span>=</span> <span>"</span><span>#000000</span><span>"</span>
<span>africa</span><span>.</span><span>loc</span><span>[</span><span>africa</span><span>.</span><span>INCOME_GRP</span> <span>==</span> <span>"</span><span>5. Low income</span><span>"</span><span>,</span> <span>"</span><span>color</span><span>"</span><span>]</span> <span>=</span> <span>"</span><span>#dadada</span><span>"</span>
<span>africa</span><span>.</span><span>loc</span><span>[</span><span>africa</span><span>.</span><span>INCOME_GRP</span> <span>==</span> <span>"</span><span>4. Lower middle income</span><span>"</span><span>,</span> <span>"</span><span>color</span><span>"</span><span>]</span> <span>=</span> <span>"</span><span>#89bab2</span><span>"</span>
<span>africa</span><span>.</span><span>loc</span><span>[</span><span>africa</span><span>.</span><span>INCOME_GRP</span> <span>==</span> <span>"</span><span>3. Upper middle income</span><span>"</span><span>,</span> <span>"</span><span>color</span><span>"</span><span>]</span> <span>=</span> <span>"</span><span>#1B998B</span><span>"</span>

<span>disputed_areas</span><span>[</span><span>"</span><span>color</span><span>"</span><span>]</span> <span>=</span> <span>"</span><span>#FFD6D6</span><span>"</span>
<span>disputed_areas</span><span>[</span><span>"</span><span>edgecolor</span><span>"</span><span>]</span> <span>=</span> <span>"</span><span>#000000</span><span>"</span>
world["color"] = "#f0f0f0"
world["edgecolor"] = "#c0c0c0"

africa["edgecolor"] = "#000000"
africa.loc[africa.INCOME_GRP == "5. Low income", "color"] = "#dadada"
africa.loc[africa.INCOME_GRP == "4. Lower middle income", "color"] = "#89bab2"
africa.loc[africa.INCOME_GRP == "3. Upper middle income", "color"] = "#1B998B"

disputed_areas["color"] = "#FFD6D6"
disputed_areas["edgecolor"] = "#000000"

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Now that I have created the required columns, I can run draw_map().

<span>ax</span> <span>=</span> <span>draw_map</span><span>(</span><span>maps_to_draw</span><span>=</span><span>[</span><span>world</span><span>,</span> <span>africa</span><span>,</span> <span>disputed_areas</span><span>])</span>
<span>plt</span><span>.</span><span>axis</span><span>(</span><span>"</span><span>off</span><span>"</span><span>)</span>
<span>plt</span><span>.</span><span>show</span><span>()</span>
<span>ax</span> <span>=</span> <span>draw_map</span><span>(</span><span>maps_to_draw</span><span>=</span><span>[</span><span>world</span><span>,</span> <span>africa</span><span>,</span> <span>disputed_areas</span><span>])</span>

<span>plt</span><span>.</span><span>axis</span><span>(</span><span>"</span><span>off</span><span>"</span><span>)</span>
<span>plt</span><span>.</span><span>show</span><span>()</span>
ax = draw_map(maps_to_draw=[world, africa, disputed_areas])

plt.axis("off")
plt.show()

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Here’s what I get.

It’s a great start, but we have a long way to go.

---

Step 6: Setting the boundaries

Since I want to create a map of Africa, it doesn’t make sense to show the entire world.

That’s why I created the following function that takes one of the geopandas data frames and sets the limits of the ax object.

<span>def</span> <span>set_limits</span><span>(</span><span>ax</span><span>,</span> <span>data</span><span>,</span> <span>pad_left</span><span>=</span><span>0</span><span>,</span> <span>pad_right</span><span>=</span><span>0</span><span>,</span> <span>pad_top</span><span>=</span><span>0</span><span>,</span> <span>pad_bottom</span><span>=</span><span>0</span><span>):</span>
    <span>xmin_</span> <span>=</span> <span>data</span><span>.</span><span>bounds</span><span>.</span><span>minx</span><span>.</span><span>min</span><span>()</span>
    <span>ymin_</span> <span>=</span> <span>data</span><span>.</span><span>bounds</span><span>.</span><span>miny</span><span>.</span><span>min</span><span>()</span>
    <span>xmax_</span> <span>=</span> <span>data</span><span>.</span><span>bounds</span><span>.</span><span>maxx</span><span>.</span><span>max</span><span>()</span>
    <span>ymax_</span> <span>=</span> <span>data</span><span>.</span><span>bounds</span><span>.</span><span>maxy</span><span>.</span><span>max</span><span>()</span>
    <span>xmin</span> <span>=</span> <span>xmin_</span> <span>-</span> <span>pad_left</span> <span>*</span> <span>(</span><span>xmax_</span> <span>-</span> <span>xmin_</span><span>)</span>
    <span>xmax</span> <span>=</span> <span>xmax_</span> <span>+</span> <span>pad_right</span> <span>*</span> <span>(</span><span>xmax_</span> <span>-</span> <span>xmin_</span><span>)</span>
    <span>ymin</span> <span>=</span> <span>ymin_</span> <span>-</span> <span>pad_bottom</span> <span>*</span> <span>(</span><span>ymax_</span> <span>-</span> <span>ymin_</span><span>)</span>
    <span>ymax</span> <span>=</span> <span>ymax_</span> <span>+</span> <span>pad_top</span> <span>*</span> <span>(</span><span>ymax_</span> <span>-</span> <span>ymin_</span><span>)</span>
    <span>ax</span><span>.</span><span>set</span><span>(</span><span>xlim</span><span>=</span><span>(</span><span>xmin</span><span>,</span> <span>xmax</span><span>),</span> <span>ylim</span><span>=</span><span>(</span><span>ymin</span><span>,</span> <span>ymax</span><span>))</span>
<span>def</span> <span>set_limits</span><span>(</span><span>ax</span><span>,</span> <span>data</span><span>,</span> <span>pad_left</span><span>=</span><span>0</span><span>,</span> <span>pad_right</span><span>=</span><span>0</span><span>,</span> <span>pad_top</span><span>=</span><span>0</span><span>,</span> <span>pad_bottom</span><span>=</span><span>0</span><span>):</span>
    <span>xmin_</span> <span>=</span> <span>data</span><span>.</span><span>bounds</span><span>.</span><span>minx</span><span>.</span><span>min</span><span>()</span>
    <span>ymin_</span> <span>=</span> <span>data</span><span>.</span><span>bounds</span><span>.</span><span>miny</span><span>.</span><span>min</span><span>()</span>
    <span>xmax_</span> <span>=</span> <span>data</span><span>.</span><span>bounds</span><span>.</span><span>maxx</span><span>.</span><span>max</span><span>()</span>
    <span>ymax_</span> <span>=</span> <span>data</span><span>.</span><span>bounds</span><span>.</span><span>maxy</span><span>.</span><span>max</span><span>()</span>

    <span>xmin</span> <span>=</span> <span>xmin_</span> <span>-</span> <span>pad_left</span> <span>*</span> <span>(</span><span>xmax_</span> <span>-</span> <span>xmin_</span><span>)</span>
    <span>xmax</span> <span>=</span> <span>xmax_</span> <span>+</span> <span>pad_right</span> <span>*</span> <span>(</span><span>xmax_</span> <span>-</span> <span>xmin_</span><span>)</span>
    <span>ymin</span> <span>=</span> <span>ymin_</span> <span>-</span> <span>pad_bottom</span> <span>*</span> <span>(</span><span>ymax_</span> <span>-</span> <span>ymin_</span><span>)</span>
    <span>ymax</span> <span>=</span> <span>ymax_</span> <span>+</span> <span>pad_top</span> <span>*</span> <span>(</span><span>ymax_</span> <span>-</span> <span>ymin_</span><span>)</span>

    <span>ax</span><span>.</span><span>set</span><span>(</span><span>xlim</span><span>=</span><span>(</span><span>xmin</span><span>,</span> <span>xmax</span><span>),</span> <span>ylim</span><span>=</span><span>(</span><span>ymin</span><span>,</span> <span>ymax</span><span>))</span>
def set_limits(ax, data, pad_left=0, pad_right=0, pad_top=0, pad_bottom=0):
    xmin_ = data.bounds.minx.min()
    ymin_ = data.bounds.miny.min()
    xmax_ = data.bounds.maxx.max()
    ymax_ = data.bounds.maxy.max()

    xmin = xmin_ - pad_left * (xmax_ - xmin_)
    xmax = xmax_ + pad_right * (xmax_ - xmin_)
    ymin = ymin_ - pad_bottom * (ymax_ - ymin_)
    ymax = ymax_ + pad_top * (ymax_ - ymin_)

    ax.set(xlim=(xmin, xmax), ylim=(ymin, ymax))

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You can add padding to each side of the area to get some space for additional information, such as a legend.

Let’s add it to the draw_map() function using the boundary_map_index and padding parameters.

<span>def</span> <span>draw_map</span><span>(</span>
    <span>maps_to_draw</span><span>,</span> 
    <span>boundry_map_index</span><span>=</span><span>0</span><span>,</span>
    <span>use_hatch_for_indexes</span><span>=</span><span>[],</span>
    <span>padding</span><span>=</span><span>{},</span>
    <span>labels</span><span>=</span><span>[],</span>
    <span>figsize</span><span>=</span><span>(</span><span>40</span><span>,</span> <span>40</span><span>)</span>
<span>):</span>
    <span>...</span>
    <span># Additional functions below this comment </span>    <span>set_limits</span><span>(</span><span>ax</span><span>,</span> <span>maps_to_draw</span><span>[</span><span>boundry_map_index</span><span>],</span> <span>**</span><span>padding</span><span>)</span>
    <span>return</span> <span>ax</span>
<span>def</span> <span>draw_map</span><span>(</span>
    <span>maps_to_draw</span><span>,</span> 
    <span>boundry_map_index</span><span>=</span><span>0</span><span>,</span>
    <span>use_hatch_for_indexes</span><span>=</span><span>[],</span>
    <span>padding</span><span>=</span><span>{},</span>
    <span>labels</span><span>=</span><span>[],</span>
    <span>figsize</span><span>=</span><span>(</span><span>40</span><span>,</span> <span>40</span><span>)</span>
<span>):</span>

    <span>...</span>
    <span># Additional functions below this comment </span>    <span>set_limits</span><span>(</span><span>ax</span><span>,</span> <span>maps_to_draw</span><span>[</span><span>boundry_map_index</span><span>],</span> <span>**</span><span>padding</span><span>)</span>

    <span>return</span> <span>ax</span>
def draw_map(
    maps_to_draw, 
    boundry_map_index=0,
    use_hatch_for_indexes=[],
    padding={},
    labels=[],
    figsize=(40, 40)
):

    ...
    # Additional functions below this comment     set_limits(ax, maps_to_draw[boundry_map_index], **padding)

    return ax

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I set boundry_map_index to the index of the geopandas data frame in the maps_to_draw list that we want to show and added some padding.

Note: I also passed use_hatch_for_indexes=[2] to draw hatches over the disputed areas to show that they differ from the rest.

<span>ax</span> <span>=</span> <span>draw_map</span><span>(</span>
    <span>maps_to_draw</span><span>=</span><span>[</span><span>world</span><span>,</span> <span>africa</span><span>,</span> <span>disputed_areas</span><span>],</span> <span>boundry_map_index</span><span>=</span><span>1</span><span>,</span>
    <span>padding</span><span>=</span><span>{</span><span>"</span><span>pad_bottom</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>-</span><span>0.08</span><span>,</span> <span>"</span><span>pad_top</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>0.07</span><span>,</span> <span>"</span><span>pad_left</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>0.07</span><span>,</span> <span>"</span><span>pad_right</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>0.05</span><span>},</span>
    <span>use_hatch_for_indexes</span><span>=</span><span>[</span><span>2</span><span>]</span>
<span>)</span>
<span>plt</span><span>.</span><span>axis</span><span>(</span><span>"</span><span>off</span><span>"</span><span>)</span>
<span>plt</span><span>.</span><span>show</span><span>()</span>
<span>ax</span> <span>=</span> <span>draw_map</span><span>(</span>
    <span>maps_to_draw</span><span>=</span><span>[</span><span>world</span><span>,</span> <span>africa</span><span>,</span> <span>disputed_areas</span><span>],</span> <span>boundry_map_index</span><span>=</span><span>1</span><span>,</span>
    <span>padding</span><span>=</span><span>{</span><span>"</span><span>pad_bottom</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>-</span><span>0.08</span><span>,</span> <span>"</span><span>pad_top</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>0.07</span><span>,</span> <span>"</span><span>pad_left</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>0.07</span><span>,</span> <span>"</span><span>pad_right</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>0.05</span><span>},</span>
    <span>use_hatch_for_indexes</span><span>=</span><span>[</span><span>2</span><span>]</span>
<span>)</span>

<span>plt</span><span>.</span><span>axis</span><span>(</span><span>"</span><span>off</span><span>"</span><span>)</span>
<span>plt</span><span>.</span><span>show</span><span>()</span>
ax = draw_map(
    maps_to_draw=[world, africa, disputed_areas], boundry_map_index=1,
    padding={"pad_bottom": -0.08, "pad_top": 0.07, "pad_left": 0.07, "pad_right": 0.05},
    use_hatch_for_indexes=[2]
)

plt.axis("off")
plt.show()

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Now we get a nice-looking map of Africa with the contours of nearby countries as well. If you don’t want the nearby countries to show, remove world from maps_to_draw.

Here’s the resulting map.

We’re getting somewhere.

---

Step 7: Adding country labels

Since most people don’t know all African countries, the next step is to add labels for each country.

I want to add a label close to the middle for large countries and a line between the country and the label for smaller ones.

<span>def</span> <span>add_label</span><span>(</span><span>ax</span><span>,</span> <span>label</span><span>,</span> <span>fontsize</span><span>=</span><span>24</span><span>,</span> <span>fontweight</span><span>=</span><span>"</span><span>bold</span><span>"</span><span>,</span> <span>va</span><span>=</span><span>"</span><span>center</span><span>"</span><span>,</span> <span>ha</span><span>=</span><span>"</span><span>center</span><span>"</span><span>):</span>            
    <span>annotation</span> <span>=</span> <span>plt</span><span>.</span><span>annotate</span><span>(</span>
        <span>label</span><span>[</span><span>"</span><span>label</span><span>"</span><span>],</span> 
        <span>xy</span><span>=</span><span>label</span><span>[</span><span>"</span><span>xytext</span><span>"</span><span>]</span> <span>if</span> <span>"</span><span>xypin</span><span>"</span> <span>not</span> <span>in</span> <span>label</span><span>.</span><span>keys</span><span>()</span> <span>else</span> <span>label</span><span>[</span><span>"</span><span>xypin</span><span>"</span><span>],</span> 
        <span>xytext</span><span>=</span><span>None</span> <span>if</span> <span>"</span><span>xypin</span><span>"</span> <span>not</span> <span>in</span> <span>label</span><span>.</span><span>keys</span><span>()</span> <span>else</span> <span>label</span><span>[</span><span>"</span><span>xytext</span><span>"</span><span>],</span> 
        <span>xycoords</span><span>=</span><span>"</span><span>data</span><span>"</span><span>,</span> <span>fontsize</span><span>=</span><span>fontsize</span><span>,</span> <span>va</span><span>=</span><span>va</span><span>,</span> <span>ha</span><span>=</span><span>ha</span><span>,</span>
        <span>linespacing</span><span>=</span><span>1.3</span><span>,</span> <span>color</span><span>=</span><span>label</span><span>[</span><span>"</span><span>color</span><span>"</span><span>],</span> <span>fontweight</span><span>=</span><span>fontweight</span><span>,</span> 
        <span>arrowprops</span><span>=</span><span>{</span>
            <span>"</span><span>arrowstyle</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>"</span><span>-</span><span>"</span><span>,</span>
            <span>"</span><span>linewidth</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>2</span><span>,</span>
        <span>})</span>
    <span>annotation</span><span>.</span><span>set_path_effects</span><span>([</span><span>PathEffects</span><span>.</span><span>withStroke</span><span>(</span><span>linewidth</span><span>=</span><span>6</span><span>,</span> <span>foreground</span><span>=</span><span>'</span><span>w</span><span>'</span><span>)])</span>
<span>def</span> <span>add_label</span><span>(</span><span>ax</span><span>,</span> <span>label</span><span>,</span> <span>fontsize</span><span>=</span><span>24</span><span>,</span> <span>fontweight</span><span>=</span><span>"</span><span>bold</span><span>"</span><span>,</span> <span>va</span><span>=</span><span>"</span><span>center</span><span>"</span><span>,</span> <span>ha</span><span>=</span><span>"</span><span>center</span><span>"</span><span>):</span>            
    <span>annotation</span> <span>=</span> <span>plt</span><span>.</span><span>annotate</span><span>(</span>
        <span>label</span><span>[</span><span>"</span><span>label</span><span>"</span><span>],</span> 
        <span>xy</span><span>=</span><span>label</span><span>[</span><span>"</span><span>xytext</span><span>"</span><span>]</span> <span>if</span> <span>"</span><span>xypin</span><span>"</span> <span>not</span> <span>in</span> <span>label</span><span>.</span><span>keys</span><span>()</span> <span>else</span> <span>label</span><span>[</span><span>"</span><span>xypin</span><span>"</span><span>],</span> 
        <span>xytext</span><span>=</span><span>None</span> <span>if</span> <span>"</span><span>xypin</span><span>"</span> <span>not</span> <span>in</span> <span>label</span><span>.</span><span>keys</span><span>()</span> <span>else</span> <span>label</span><span>[</span><span>"</span><span>xytext</span><span>"</span><span>],</span> 
        <span>xycoords</span><span>=</span><span>"</span><span>data</span><span>"</span><span>,</span> <span>fontsize</span><span>=</span><span>fontsize</span><span>,</span> <span>va</span><span>=</span><span>va</span><span>,</span> <span>ha</span><span>=</span><span>ha</span><span>,</span>
        <span>linespacing</span><span>=</span><span>1.3</span><span>,</span> <span>color</span><span>=</span><span>label</span><span>[</span><span>"</span><span>color</span><span>"</span><span>],</span> <span>fontweight</span><span>=</span><span>fontweight</span><span>,</span> 
        <span>arrowprops</span><span>=</span><span>{</span>
            <span>"</span><span>arrowstyle</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>"</span><span>-</span><span>"</span><span>,</span>
            <span>"</span><span>linewidth</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>2</span><span>,</span>
        <span>})</span>

    <span>annotation</span><span>.</span><span>set_path_effects</span><span>([</span><span>PathEffects</span><span>.</span><span>withStroke</span><span>(</span><span>linewidth</span><span>=</span><span>6</span><span>,</span> <span>foreground</span><span>=</span><span>'</span><span>w</span><span>'</span><span>)])</span>
def add_label(ax, label, fontsize=24, fontweight="bold", va="center", ha="center"):            
    annotation = plt.annotate(
        label["label"], 
        xy=label["xytext"] if "xypin" not in label.keys() else label["xypin"], 
        xytext=None if "xypin" not in label.keys() else label["xytext"], 
        xycoords="data", fontsize=fontsize, va=va, ha=ha,
        linespacing=1.3, color=label["color"], fontweight=fontweight, 
        arrowprops={
            "arrowstyle": "-",
            "linewidth": 2,
        })

    annotation.set_path_effects([PathEffects.withStroke(linewidth=6, foreground='w')])

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Defining the position of the country labels is the only tedious process of this tutorial, but I’ve done that for you.

You can try to calculate the position for each label using the geometries in geopandas, but that’s easier said than done since the shape of the countries varies.

Sometimes, the fastest method is to roll up your sleeves and hard-code the values, which I have done here.

<span>country_labels</span> <span>=</span> <span>[</span>
    <span>{</span><span>"</span><span>label</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>"</span><span>Algeria</span><span>"</span><span>,</span> <span>"</span><span>color</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>"</span><span>#040303</span><span>"</span><span>,</span> <span>"</span><span>xytext</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>(</span><span>2.0</span><span>,</span> <span>27.5</span><span>)},</span>
    <span>{</span><span>"</span><span>label</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>"</span><span>Angola</span><span>"</span><span>,</span> <span>"</span><span>color</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>"</span><span>#040303</span><span>"</span><span>,</span> <span>"</span><span>xytext</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>(</span><span>17.7</span><span>,</span> <span>-</span><span>13.1</span><span>)},</span>
    <span>{</span><span>"</span><span>label</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>"</span><span>Benin</span><span>"</span><span>,</span> <span>"</span><span>color</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>"</span><span>#040303</span><span>"</span><span>,</span> <span>"</span><span>xytext</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>(</span><span>3.2</span><span>,</span> <span>5.4</span><span>),</span> <span>"</span><span>xypin</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>(</span><span>2.3</span><span>,</span> <span>7.6</span><span>)},</span>
    <span>{</span><span>"</span><span>label</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>"</span><span>Botswana</span><span>"</span><span>,</span> <span>"</span><span>color</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>"</span><span>#040303</span><span>"</span><span>,</span> <span>"</span><span>xytext</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>(</span><span>24.4</span><span>,</span> <span>-</span><span>22.3</span><span>)},</span>
    <span>{</span><span>"</span><span>label</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>"</span><span>Burkina</span><span>\n</span><span>Faso</span><span>"</span><span>,</span> <span>"</span><span>color</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>"</span><span>#040303</span><span>"</span><span>,</span> <span>"</span><span>xytext</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>(</span><span>-</span><span>1.4</span><span>,</span> <span>12.6</span><span>)},</span>
    <span>{</span><span>"</span><span>label</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>"</span><span>Burundi</span><span>"</span><span>,</span> <span>"</span><span>color</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>"</span><span>#040303</span><span>"</span><span>,</span> <span>"</span><span>xytext</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>(</span><span>43.3</span><span>,</span> <span>-</span><span>4.9</span><span>),</span> <span>"</span><span>xypin</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>(</span><span>29.8</span><span>,</span> <span>-</span><span>3.6</span><span>)},</span>
    <span>{</span><span>"</span><span>label</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>"</span><span>Cameroon</span><span>"</span><span>,</span> <span>"</span><span>color</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>"</span><span>#040303</span><span>"</span><span>,</span> <span>"</span><span>xytext</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>(</span><span>12.5</span><span>,</span> <span>5.2</span><span>)},</span>
    <span>{</span><span>"</span><span>label</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>"</span><span>Cape Verde</span><span>"</span><span>,</span> <span>"</span><span>color</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>"</span><span>#040303</span><span>"</span><span>,</span> <span>"</span><span>xytext</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>(</span><span>-</span><span>23.7</span><span>,</span> <span>19</span><span>),</span> <span>"</span><span>xypin</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>(</span><span>-</span><span>23.7</span><span>,</span> <span>16</span><span>)},</span>
    <span>{</span><span>"</span><span>label</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>"</span><span>Central African</span><span>\n</span><span>Republic</span><span>"</span><span>,</span> <span>"</span><span>color</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>"</span><span>#040303</span><span>"</span><span>,</span> <span>"</span><span>xytext</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>(</span><span>21.1</span><span>,</span> <span>6.5</span><span>)},</span>
    <span>{</span><span>"</span><span>label</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>"</span><span>Chad</span><span>"</span><span>,</span> <span>"</span><span>color</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>"</span><span>#040303</span><span>"</span><span>,</span> <span>"</span><span>xytext</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>(</span><span>18.5</span><span>,</span> <span>16.0</span><span>)},</span>
    <span>{</span><span>"</span><span>label</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>"</span><span>Comoros</span><span>"</span><span>,</span> <span>"</span><span>color</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>"</span><span>#040303</span><span>"</span><span>,</span> <span>"</span><span>xytext</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>(</span><span>46.8</span><span>,</span> <span>-</span><span>9.6</span><span>),</span> <span>"</span><span>xypin</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>(</span><span>43.3</span><span>,</span> <span>-</span><span>11.7</span><span>)},</span>
    <span>{</span><span>"</span><span>label</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>"</span><span>Cote</span><span>\n</span><span>d</span><span>'</span><span>Ivoire</span><span>"</span><span>,</span> <span>"</span><span>color</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>"</span><span>#040303</span><span>"</span><span>,</span> <span>"</span><span>xytext</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>(</span><span>-</span><span>5.5</span><span>,</span> <span>8.5</span><span>)},</span>
    <span>{</span><span>"</span><span>label</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>"</span><span>Democratic</span><span>\n</span><span>Republic of</span><span>\n</span><span>the Congo</span><span>"</span><span>,</span> <span>"</span><span>color</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>"</span><span>#040303</span><span>"</span><span>,</span> <span>"</span><span>xytext</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>(</span><span>23.3</span><span>,</span> <span>-</span><span>2.7</span><span>)},</span>
    <span>{</span><span>"</span><span>label</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>"</span><span>Djibouti</span><span>"</span><span>,</span> <span>"</span><span>color</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>"</span><span>#040303</span><span>"</span><span>,</span> <span>"</span><span>xytext</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>(</span><span>47.0</span><span>,</span> <span>13.4</span><span>),</span> <span>"</span><span>xypin</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>(</span><span>43.0</span><span>,</span> <span>12.2</span><span>)},</span>
    <span>{</span><span>"</span><span>label</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>"</span><span>Egypt</span><span>"</span><span>,</span> <span>"</span><span>color</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>"</span><span>#040303</span><span>"</span><span>,</span> <span>"</span><span>xytext</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>(</span><span>29.2</span><span>,</span> <span>26.6</span><span>)},</span>
    <span>{</span><span>"</span><span>label</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>"</span><span>Equatorial</span><span>\n</span><span>Guinea</span><span>"</span><span>,</span> <span>"</span><span>color</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>"</span><span>#040303</span><span>"</span><span>,</span> <span>"</span><span>xytext</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>(</span><span>5.9</span><span>,</span> <span>-</span><span>2.5</span><span>),</span> <span>"</span><span>xypin</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>(</span><span>10.5</span><span>,</span> <span>1.6</span><span>)},</span>
    <span>{</span><span>"</span><span>label</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>"</span><span>Eritrea</span><span>"</span><span>,</span> <span>"</span><span>color</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>"</span><span>#040303</span><span>"</span><span>,</span> <span>"</span><span>xytext</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>(</span><span>43.0</span><span>,</span> <span>16.9</span><span>),</span> <span>"</span><span>xypin</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>(</span><span>38.5</span><span>,</span> <span>16.2</span><span>)},</span>
    <span>{</span><span>"</span><span>label</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>"</span><span>Lesotho</span><span>"</span><span>,</span> <span>"</span><span>color</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>"</span><span>#040303</span><span>"</span><span>,</span> <span>"</span><span>xytext</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>(</span><span>35.0</span><span>,</span> <span>-</span><span>31.0</span><span>),</span> <span>"</span><span>xypin</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>(</span><span>28.4</span><span>,</span> <span>-</span><span>29.5</span><span>)},</span>
    <span>{</span><span>"</span><span>label</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>"</span><span>Ethiopia</span><span>"</span><span>,</span> <span>"</span><span>color</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>"</span><span>#040303</span><span>"</span><span>,</span> <span>"</span><span>xytext</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>(</span><span>39.9</span><span>,</span> <span>8.5</span><span>)},</span>
    <span>{</span><span>"</span><span>label</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>"</span><span>Gabon</span><span>"</span><span>,</span> <span>"</span><span>color</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>"</span><span>#040303</span><span>"</span><span>,</span> <span>"</span><span>xytext</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>(</span><span>11.8</span><span>,</span> <span>-</span><span>0.7</span><span>)},</span>
    <span>{</span><span>"</span><span>label</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>"</span><span>Ghana</span><span>"</span><span>,</span> <span>"</span><span>color</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>"</span><span>#040303</span><span>"</span><span>,</span> <span>"</span><span>xytext</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>(</span><span>-</span><span>1.3</span><span>,</span> <span>6.6</span><span>)},</span>
    <span>{</span><span>"</span><span>label</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>"</span><span>Guinea</span><span>"</span><span>,</span> <span>"</span><span>color</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>"</span><span>#040303</span><span>"</span><span>,</span> <span>"</span><span>xytext</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>(</span><span>-</span><span>11.6</span><span>,</span> <span>11.0</span><span>)},</span>
    <span>{</span><span>"</span><span>label</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>"</span><span>Guinea-</span><span>\n</span><span>Bissau</span><span>"</span><span>,</span> <span>"</span><span>color</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>"</span><span>#040303</span><span>"</span><span>,</span> <span>"</span><span>xytext</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>(</span><span>-</span><span>20.3</span><span>,</span> <span>10.3</span><span>),</span> <span>"</span><span>xypin</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>(</span><span>-</span><span>14.5</span><span>,</span> <span>12.2</span><span>)},</span>
    <span>{</span><span>"</span><span>label</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>"</span><span>Kenya</span><span>"</span><span>,</span> <span>"</span><span>color</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>"</span><span>#040303</span><span>"</span><span>,</span> <span>"</span><span>xytext</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>(</span><span>37.9</span><span>,</span> <span>0.5</span><span>)},</span>
    <span>{</span><span>"</span><span>label</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>"</span><span>Eswantini</span><span>"</span><span>,</span> <span>"</span><span>color</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>"</span><span>#040303</span><span>"</span><span>,</span> <span>"</span><span>xytext</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>(</span><span>35.5</span><span>,</span> <span>-</span><span>29.3</span><span>),</span> <span>"</span><span>xypin</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>(</span><span>31.5</span><span>,</span> <span>-</span><span>26.8</span><span>)},</span>
    <span>{</span><span>"</span><span>label</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>"</span><span>Liberia</span><span>"</span><span>,</span> <span>"</span><span>color</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>"</span><span>#040303</span><span>"</span><span>,</span> <span>"</span><span>xytext</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>(</span><span>-</span><span>10.6</span><span>,</span> <span>3.6</span><span>),</span> <span>"</span><span>xypin</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>(</span><span>-</span><span>9.6</span><span>,</span> <span>6.7</span><span>)},</span>
    <span>{</span><span>"</span><span>label</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>"</span><span>Libya</span><span>"</span><span>,</span> <span>"</span><span>color</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>"</span><span>#040303</span><span>"</span><span>,</span> <span>"</span><span>xytext</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>(</span><span>17.5</span><span>,</span> <span>27.5</span><span>)},</span>
    <span>{</span><span>"</span><span>label</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>"</span><span>Madagascar</span><span>"</span><span>,</span> <span>"</span><span>color</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>"</span><span>#040303</span><span>"</span><span>,</span> <span>"</span><span>xytext</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>(</span><span>46.7</span><span>,</span> <span>-</span><span>19.6</span><span>)},</span>
    <span>{</span><span>"</span><span>label</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>"</span><span>Malawi</span><span>"</span><span>,</span> <span>"</span><span>color</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>"</span><span>#040303</span><span>"</span><span>,</span> <span>"</span><span>xytext</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>(</span><span>38.9</span><span>,</span> <span>-</span><span>21.3</span><span>),</span> <span>"</span><span>xypin</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>(</span><span>35.0</span><span>,</span> <span>-</span><span>15.6</span><span>)},</span>
    <span>{</span><span>"</span><span>label</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>"</span><span>Mali</span><span>"</span><span>,</span> <span>"</span><span>color</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>"</span><span>#040303</span><span>"</span><span>,</span> <span>"</span><span>xytext</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>(</span><span>-</span><span>1.9</span><span>,</span> <span>17.8</span><span>)},</span>
    <span>{</span><span>"</span><span>label</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>"</span><span>Mauritania</span><span>"</span><span>,</span> <span>"</span><span>color</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>"</span><span>#040303</span><span>"</span><span>,</span> <span>"</span><span>xytext</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>(</span><span>-</span><span>11.1</span><span>,</span> <span>19.6</span><span>)},</span>
    <span>{</span><span>"</span><span>label</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>"</span><span>Morocco</span><span>"</span><span>,</span> <span>"</span><span>color</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>"</span><span>#040303</span><span>"</span><span>,</span> <span>"</span><span>xytext</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>(</span><span>-</span><span>6.9</span><span>,</span> <span>31.3</span><span>)},</span>
    <span>{</span><span>"</span><span>label</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>"</span><span>Mozambique</span><span>"</span><span>,</span> <span>"</span><span>color</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>"</span><span>#040303</span><span>"</span><span>,</span> <span>"</span><span>xytext</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>(</span><span>40.8</span><span>,</span> <span>-</span><span>15.2</span><span>)},</span>
    <span>{</span><span>"</span><span>label</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>"</span><span>Namibia</span><span>"</span><span>,</span> <span>"</span><span>color</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>"</span><span>#040303</span><span>"</span><span>,</span> <span>"</span><span>xytext</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>(</span><span>17.3</span><span>,</span> <span>-</span><span>20.7</span><span>)},</span>
    <span>{</span><span>"</span><span>label</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>"</span><span>Niger</span><span>"</span><span>,</span> <span>"</span><span>color</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>"</span><span>#040303</span><span>"</span><span>,</span> <span>"</span><span>xytext</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>(</span><span>9.8</span><span>,</span> <span>17.5</span><span>)},</span>
    <span>{</span><span>"</span><span>label</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>"</span><span>Nigera</span><span>"</span><span>,</span> <span>"</span><span>color</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>"</span><span>#040303</span><span>"</span><span>,</span> <span>"</span><span>xytext</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>(</span><span>7.8</span><span>,</span> <span>9.8</span><span>)},</span>
    <span>{</span><span>"</span><span>label</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>"</span><span>Republic of</span><span>\n</span><span>the Congo</span><span>"</span><span>,</span> <span>"</span><span>color</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>"</span><span>#040303</span><span>"</span><span>,</span> <span>"</span><span>xytext</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>(</span><span>7.8</span><span>,</span> <span>-</span><span>7.2</span><span>),</span> <span>"</span><span>xypin</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>(</span><span>12.0</span><span>,</span> <span>-</span><span>4.1</span><span>)},</span>
    <span>{</span><span>"</span><span>label</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>"</span><span>Rwanda</span><span>"</span><span>,</span> <span>"</span><span>color</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>"</span><span>#040303</span><span>"</span><span>,</span> <span>"</span><span>xytext</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>(</span><span>43.8</span><span>,</span> <span>-</span><span>3.6</span><span>),</span> <span>"</span><span>xypin</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>(</span><span>30.1</span><span>,</span> <span>-</span><span>2.0</span><span>)},</span>
    <span>{</span><span>"</span><span>label</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>"</span><span>São Tomé and</span><span>\n</span><span>Príncipe</span><span>"</span><span>,</span> <span>"</span><span>color</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>"</span><span>#040303</span><span>"</span><span>,</span> <span>"</span><span>xytext</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>(</span><span>-</span><span>0.9</span><span>,</span> <span>0.2</span><span>),</span> <span>"</span><span>xypin</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>(</span><span>6.8</span><span>,</span> <span>0.2</span><span>)},</span>
    <span>{</span><span>"</span><span>label</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>"</span><span>Senegal</span><span>"</span><span>,</span> <span>"</span><span>color</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>"</span><span>#040303</span><span>"</span><span>,</span> <span>"</span><span>xytext</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>(</span><span>-</span><span>15.0</span><span>,</span> <span>14.7</span><span>)},</span>
    <span>{</span><span>"</span><span>label</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>"</span><span>Seychelles</span><span>"</span><span>,</span> <span>"</span><span>color</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>"</span><span>#040303</span><span>"</span><span>,</span> <span>"</span><span>xytext</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>(</span><span>55.6</span><span>,</span> <span>-</span><span>2</span><span>),</span> <span>"</span><span>xypin</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>(</span><span>55.6</span><span>,</span> <span>-</span><span>4.5</span><span>)},</span>
    <span>{</span><span>"</span><span>label</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>"</span><span>Sierra Leone</span><span>"</span><span>,</span> <span>"</span><span>color</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>"</span><span>#040303</span><span>"</span><span>,</span> <span>"</span><span>xytext</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>(</span><span>-</span><span>16.4</span><span>,</span> <span>6.3</span><span>),</span> <span>"</span><span>xypin</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>(</span><span>-</span><span>12.0</span><span>,</span> <span>8.5</span><span>)},</span>
    <span>{</span><span>"</span><span>label</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>"</span><span>Somalia</span><span>"</span><span>,</span> <span>"</span><span>color</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>"</span><span>#040303</span><span>"</span><span>,</span> <span>"</span><span>xytext</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>(</span><span>45.7</span><span>,</span> <span>2.7</span><span>)},</span>
    <span>{</span><span>"</span><span>label</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>"</span><span>South</span><span>\n</span><span>Africa</span><span>"</span><span>,</span> <span>"</span><span>color</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>"</span><span>#040303</span><span>"</span><span>,</span> <span>"</span><span>xytext</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>(</span><span>22.4</span><span>,</span> <span>-</span><span>31.0</span><span>)},</span>
    <span>{</span><span>"</span><span>label</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>"</span><span>South</span><span>\n</span><span>Sudan</span><span>"</span><span>,</span> <span>"</span><span>color</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>"</span><span>#040303</span><span>"</span><span>,</span> <span>"</span><span>xytext</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>(</span><span>30.2</span><span>,</span> <span>7.0</span><span>)},</span>
    <span>{</span><span>"</span><span>label</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>"</span><span>Sudan</span><span>"</span><span>,</span> <span>"</span><span>color</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>"</span><span>#040303</span><span>"</span><span>,</span> <span>"</span><span>xytext</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>(</span><span>29.7</span><span>,</span> <span>16.0</span><span>)},</span>
    <span>{</span><span>"</span><span>label</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>"</span><span>Tanzania</span><span>"</span><span>,</span> <span>"</span><span>color</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>"</span><span>#040303</span><span>"</span><span>,</span> <span>"</span><span>xytext</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>(</span><span>35.0</span><span>,</span> <span>-</span><span>6.7</span><span>)},</span>
    <span>{</span><span>"</span><span>label</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>"</span><span>The</span><span>\n</span><span>Gambia</span><span>"</span><span>,</span> <span>"</span><span>color</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>"</span><span>#040303</span><span>"</span><span>,</span> <span>"</span><span>xytext</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>(</span><span>-</span><span>20.3</span><span>,</span> <span>13.6</span><span>),</span> <span>"</span><span>xypin</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>(</span><span>-</span><span>15.4</span><span>,</span> <span>13.6</span><span>)},</span>
    <span>{</span><span>"</span><span>label</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>"</span><span>Togo</span><span>"</span><span>,</span> <span>"</span><span>color</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>"</span><span>#040303</span><span>"</span><span>,</span> <span>"</span><span>xytext</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>(</span><span>1.0</span><span>,</span> <span>4.1</span><span>),</span> <span>"</span><span>xypin</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>(</span><span>1.0</span><span>,</span> <span>7.5</span><span>)},</span>
    <span>{</span><span>"</span><span>label</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>"</span><span>Tunisia</span><span>"</span><span>,</span> <span>"</span><span>color</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>"</span><span>#040303</span><span>"</span><span>,</span> <span>"</span><span>xytext</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>(</span><span>9.3</span><span>,</span> <span>38.9</span><span>),</span> <span>"</span><span>xypin</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>(</span><span>9.3</span><span>,</span> <span>35.7</span><span>)},</span>
    <span>{</span><span>"</span><span>label</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>"</span><span>Uganda</span><span>"</span><span>,</span> <span>"</span><span>color</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>"</span><span>#040303</span><span>"</span><span>,</span> <span>"</span><span>xytext</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>(</span><span>32.6</span><span>,</span> <span>0.9</span><span>)},</span>
    <span>{</span><span>"</span><span>label</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>"</span><span>Zambia</span><span>"</span><span>,</span> <span>"</span><span>color</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>"</span><span>#040303</span><span>"</span><span>,</span> <span>"</span><span>xytext</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>(</span><span>26.1</span><span>,</span> <span>-</span><span>14.9</span><span>)},</span>
    <span>{</span><span>"</span><span>label</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>"</span><span>Zimbawe</span><span>"</span><span>,</span> <span>"</span><span>color</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>"</span><span>#040303</span><span>"</span><span>,</span> <span>"</span><span>xytext</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>(</span><span>29.7</span><span>,</span> <span>-</span><span>19.1</span><span>)},</span>
<span>]</span>
<span>country_labels</span> <span>=</span> <span>[</span>
    <span>{</span><span>"</span><span>label</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>"</span><span>Algeria</span><span>"</span><span>,</span> <span>"</span><span>color</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>"</span><span>#040303</span><span>"</span><span>,</span> <span>"</span><span>xytext</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>(</span><span>2.0</span><span>,</span> <span>27.5</span><span>)},</span>
    <span>{</span><span>"</span><span>label</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>"</span><span>Angola</span><span>"</span><span>,</span> <span>"</span><span>color</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>"</span><span>#040303</span><span>"</span><span>,</span> <span>"</span><span>xytext</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>(</span><span>17.7</span><span>,</span> <span>-</span><span>13.1</span><span>)},</span>
    <span>{</span><span>"</span><span>label</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>"</span><span>Benin</span><span>"</span><span>,</span> <span>"</span><span>color</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>"</span><span>#040303</span><span>"</span><span>,</span> <span>"</span><span>xytext</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>(</span><span>3.2</span><span>,</span> <span>5.4</span><span>),</span> <span>"</span><span>xypin</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>(</span><span>2.3</span><span>,</span> <span>7.6</span><span>)},</span>
    <span>{</span><span>"</span><span>label</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>"</span><span>Botswana</span><span>"</span><span>,</span> <span>"</span><span>color</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>"</span><span>#040303</span><span>"</span><span>,</span> <span>"</span><span>xytext</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>(</span><span>24.4</span><span>,</span> <span>-</span><span>22.3</span><span>)},</span>
    <span>{</span><span>"</span><span>label</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>"</span><span>Burkina</span><span>\n</span><span>Faso</span><span>"</span><span>,</span> <span>"</span><span>color</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>"</span><span>#040303</span><span>"</span><span>,</span> <span>"</span><span>xytext</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>(</span><span>-</span><span>1.4</span><span>,</span> <span>12.6</span><span>)},</span>
    <span>{</span><span>"</span><span>label</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>"</span><span>Burundi</span><span>"</span><span>,</span> <span>"</span><span>color</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>"</span><span>#040303</span><span>"</span><span>,</span> <span>"</span><span>xytext</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>(</span><span>43.3</span><span>,</span> <span>-</span><span>4.9</span><span>),</span> <span>"</span><span>xypin</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>(</span><span>29.8</span><span>,</span> <span>-</span><span>3.6</span><span>)},</span>
    <span>{</span><span>"</span><span>label</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>"</span><span>Cameroon</span><span>"</span><span>,</span> <span>"</span><span>color</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>"</span><span>#040303</span><span>"</span><span>,</span> <span>"</span><span>xytext</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>(</span><span>12.5</span><span>,</span> <span>5.2</span><span>)},</span>
    <span>{</span><span>"</span><span>label</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>"</span><span>Cape Verde</span><span>"</span><span>,</span> <span>"</span><span>color</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>"</span><span>#040303</span><span>"</span><span>,</span> <span>"</span><span>xytext</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>(</span><span>-</span><span>23.7</span><span>,</span> <span>19</span><span>),</span> <span>"</span><span>xypin</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>(</span><span>-</span><span>23.7</span><span>,</span> <span>16</span><span>)},</span>
    <span>{</span><span>"</span><span>label</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>"</span><span>Central African</span><span>\n</span><span>Republic</span><span>"</span><span>,</span> <span>"</span><span>color</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>"</span><span>#040303</span><span>"</span><span>,</span> <span>"</span><span>xytext</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>(</span><span>21.1</span><span>,</span> <span>6.5</span><span>)},</span>
    <span>{</span><span>"</span><span>label</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>"</span><span>Chad</span><span>"</span><span>,</span> <span>"</span><span>color</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>"</span><span>#040303</span><span>"</span><span>,</span> <span>"</span><span>xytext</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>(</span><span>18.5</span><span>,</span> <span>16.0</span><span>)},</span>
    <span>{</span><span>"</span><span>label</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>"</span><span>Comoros</span><span>"</span><span>,</span> <span>"</span><span>color</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>"</span><span>#040303</span><span>"</span><span>,</span> <span>"</span><span>xytext</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>(</span><span>46.8</span><span>,</span> <span>-</span><span>9.6</span><span>),</span> <span>"</span><span>xypin</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>(</span><span>43.3</span><span>,</span> <span>-</span><span>11.7</span><span>)},</span>
    <span>{</span><span>"</span><span>label</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>"</span><span>Cote</span><span>\n</span><span>d</span><span>'</span><span>Ivoire</span><span>"</span><span>,</span> <span>"</span><span>color</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>"</span><span>#040303</span><span>"</span><span>,</span> <span>"</span><span>xytext</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>(</span><span>-</span><span>5.5</span><span>,</span> <span>8.5</span><span>)},</span>
    <span>{</span><span>"</span><span>label</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>"</span><span>Democratic</span><span>\n</span><span>Republic of</span><span>\n</span><span>the Congo</span><span>"</span><span>,</span> <span>"</span><span>color</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>"</span><span>#040303</span><span>"</span><span>,</span> <span>"</span><span>xytext</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>(</span><span>23.3</span><span>,</span> <span>-</span><span>2.7</span><span>)},</span>
    <span>{</span><span>"</span><span>label</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>"</span><span>Djibouti</span><span>"</span><span>,</span> <span>"</span><span>color</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>"</span><span>#040303</span><span>"</span><span>,</span> <span>"</span><span>xytext</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>(</span><span>47.0</span><span>,</span> <span>13.4</span><span>),</span> <span>"</span><span>xypin</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>(</span><span>43.0</span><span>,</span> <span>12.2</span><span>)},</span>
    <span>{</span><span>"</span><span>label</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>"</span><span>Egypt</span><span>"</span><span>,</span> <span>"</span><span>color</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>"</span><span>#040303</span><span>"</span><span>,</span> <span>"</span><span>xytext</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>(</span><span>29.2</span><span>,</span> <span>26.6</span><span>)},</span>
    <span>{</span><span>"</span><span>label</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>"</span><span>Equatorial</span><span>\n</span><span>Guinea</span><span>"</span><span>,</span> <span>"</span><span>color</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>"</span><span>#040303</span><span>"</span><span>,</span> <span>"</span><span>xytext</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>(</span><span>5.9</span><span>,</span> <span>-</span><span>2.5</span><span>),</span> <span>"</span><span>xypin</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>(</span><span>10.5</span><span>,</span> <span>1.6</span><span>)},</span>
    <span>{</span><span>"</span><span>label</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>"</span><span>Eritrea</span><span>"</span><span>,</span> <span>"</span><span>color</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>"</span><span>#040303</span><span>"</span><span>,</span> <span>"</span><span>xytext</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>(</span><span>43.0</span><span>,</span> <span>16.9</span><span>),</span> <span>"</span><span>xypin</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>(</span><span>38.5</span><span>,</span> <span>16.2</span><span>)},</span>
    <span>{</span><span>"</span><span>label</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>"</span><span>Lesotho</span><span>"</span><span>,</span> <span>"</span><span>color</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>"</span><span>#040303</span><span>"</span><span>,</span> <span>"</span><span>xytext</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>(</span><span>35.0</span><span>,</span> <span>-</span><span>31.0</span><span>),</span> <span>"</span><span>xypin</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>(</span><span>28.4</span><span>,</span> <span>-</span><span>29.5</span><span>)},</span>
    <span>{</span><span>"</span><span>label</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>"</span><span>Ethiopia</span><span>"</span><span>,</span> <span>"</span><span>color</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>"</span><span>#040303</span><span>"</span><span>,</span> <span>"</span><span>xytext</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>(</span><span>39.9</span><span>,</span> <span>8.5</span><span>)},</span>
    <span>{</span><span>"</span><span>label</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>"</span><span>Gabon</span><span>"</span><span>,</span> <span>"</span><span>color</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>"</span><span>#040303</span><span>"</span><span>,</span> <span>"</span><span>xytext</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>(</span><span>11.8</span><span>,</span> <span>-</span><span>0.7</span><span>)},</span>
    <span>{</span><span>"</span><span>label</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>"</span><span>Ghana</span><span>"</span><span>,</span> <span>"</span><span>color</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>"</span><span>#040303</span><span>"</span><span>,</span> <span>"</span><span>xytext</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>(</span><span>-</span><span>1.3</span><span>,</span> <span>6.6</span><span>)},</span>
    <span>{</span><span>"</span><span>label</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>"</span><span>Guinea</span><span>"</span><span>,</span> <span>"</span><span>color</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>"</span><span>#040303</span><span>"</span><span>,</span> <span>"</span><span>xytext</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>(</span><span>-</span><span>11.6</span><span>,</span> <span>11.0</span><span>)},</span>
    <span>{</span><span>"</span><span>label</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>"</span><span>Guinea-</span><span>\n</span><span>Bissau</span><span>"</span><span>,</span> <span>"</span><span>color</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>"</span><span>#040303</span><span>"</span><span>,</span> <span>"</span><span>xytext</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>(</span><span>-</span><span>20.3</span><span>,</span> <span>10.3</span><span>),</span> <span>"</span><span>xypin</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>(</span><span>-</span><span>14.5</span><span>,</span> <span>12.2</span><span>)},</span>
    <span>{</span><span>"</span><span>label</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>"</span><span>Kenya</span><span>"</span><span>,</span> <span>"</span><span>color</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>"</span><span>#040303</span><span>"</span><span>,</span> <span>"</span><span>xytext</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>(</span><span>37.9</span><span>,</span> <span>0.5</span><span>)},</span>
    <span>{</span><span>"</span><span>label</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>"</span><span>Eswantini</span><span>"</span><span>,</span> <span>"</span><span>color</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>"</span><span>#040303</span><span>"</span><span>,</span> <span>"</span><span>xytext</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>(</span><span>35.5</span><span>,</span> <span>-</span><span>29.3</span><span>),</span> <span>"</span><span>xypin</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>(</span><span>31.5</span><span>,</span> <span>-</span><span>26.8</span><span>)},</span>
    <span>{</span><span>"</span><span>label</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>"</span><span>Liberia</span><span>"</span><span>,</span> <span>"</span><span>color</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>"</span><span>#040303</span><span>"</span><span>,</span> <span>"</span><span>xytext</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>(</span><span>-</span><span>10.6</span><span>,</span> <span>3.6</span><span>),</span> <span>"</span><span>xypin</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>(</span><span>-</span><span>9.6</span><span>,</span> <span>6.7</span><span>)},</span>
    <span>{</span><span>"</span><span>label</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>"</span><span>Libya</span><span>"</span><span>,</span> <span>"</span><span>color</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>"</span><span>#040303</span><span>"</span><span>,</span> <span>"</span><span>xytext</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>(</span><span>17.5</span><span>,</span> <span>27.5</span><span>)},</span>
    <span>{</span><span>"</span><span>label</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>"</span><span>Madagascar</span><span>"</span><span>,</span> <span>"</span><span>color</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>"</span><span>#040303</span><span>"</span><span>,</span> <span>"</span><span>xytext</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>(</span><span>46.7</span><span>,</span> <span>-</span><span>19.6</span><span>)},</span>
    <span>{</span><span>"</span><span>label</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>"</span><span>Malawi</span><span>"</span><span>,</span> <span>"</span><span>color</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>"</span><span>#040303</span><span>"</span><span>,</span> <span>"</span><span>xytext</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>(</span><span>38.9</span><span>,</span> <span>-</span><span>21.3</span><span>),</span> <span>"</span><span>xypin</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>(</span><span>35.0</span><span>,</span> <span>-</span><span>15.6</span><span>)},</span>
    <span>{</span><span>"</span><span>label</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>"</span><span>Mali</span><span>"</span><span>,</span> <span>"</span><span>color</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>"</span><span>#040303</span><span>"</span><span>,</span> <span>"</span><span>xytext</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>(</span><span>-</span><span>1.9</span><span>,</span> <span>17.8</span><span>)},</span>
    <span>{</span><span>"</span><span>label</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>"</span><span>Mauritania</span><span>"</span><span>,</span> <span>"</span><span>color</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>"</span><span>#040303</span><span>"</span><span>,</span> <span>"</span><span>xytext</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>(</span><span>-</span><span>11.1</span><span>,</span> <span>19.6</span><span>)},</span>
    <span>{</span><span>"</span><span>label</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>"</span><span>Morocco</span><span>"</span><span>,</span> <span>"</span><span>color</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>"</span><span>#040303</span><span>"</span><span>,</span> <span>"</span><span>xytext</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>(</span><span>-</span><span>6.9</span><span>,</span> <span>31.3</span><span>)},</span>
    <span>{</span><span>"</span><span>label</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>"</span><span>Mozambique</span><span>"</span><span>,</span> <span>"</span><span>color</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>"</span><span>#040303</span><span>"</span><span>,</span> <span>"</span><span>xytext</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>(</span><span>40.8</span><span>,</span> <span>-</span><span>15.2</span><span>)},</span>
    <span>{</span><span>"</span><span>label</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>"</span><span>Namibia</span><span>"</span><span>,</span> <span>"</span><span>color</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>"</span><span>#040303</span><span>"</span><span>,</span> <span>"</span><span>xytext</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>(</span><span>17.3</span><span>,</span> <span>-</span><span>20.7</span><span>)},</span>
    <span>{</span><span>"</span><span>label</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>"</span><span>Niger</span><span>"</span><span>,</span> <span>"</span><span>color</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>"</span><span>#040303</span><span>"</span><span>,</span> <span>"</span><span>xytext</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>(</span><span>9.8</span><span>,</span> <span>17.5</span><span>)},</span>
    <span>{</span><span>"</span><span>label</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>"</span><span>Nigera</span><span>"</span><span>,</span> <span>"</span><span>color</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>"</span><span>#040303</span><span>"</span><span>,</span> <span>"</span><span>xytext</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>(</span><span>7.8</span><span>,</span> <span>9.8</span><span>)},</span>
    <span>{</span><span>"</span><span>label</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>"</span><span>Republic of</span><span>\n</span><span>the Congo</span><span>"</span><span>,</span> <span>"</span><span>color</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>"</span><span>#040303</span><span>"</span><span>,</span> <span>"</span><span>xytext</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>(</span><span>7.8</span><span>,</span> <span>-</span><span>7.2</span><span>),</span> <span>"</span><span>xypin</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>(</span><span>12.0</span><span>,</span> <span>-</span><span>4.1</span><span>)},</span>
    <span>{</span><span>"</span><span>label</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>"</span><span>Rwanda</span><span>"</span><span>,</span> <span>"</span><span>color</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>"</span><span>#040303</span><span>"</span><span>,</span> <span>"</span><span>xytext</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>(</span><span>43.8</span><span>,</span> <span>-</span><span>3.6</span><span>),</span> <span>"</span><span>xypin</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>(</span><span>30.1</span><span>,</span> <span>-</span><span>2.0</span><span>)},</span>
    <span>{</span><span>"</span><span>label</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>"</span><span>São Tomé and</span><span>\n</span><span>Príncipe</span><span>"</span><span>,</span> <span>"</span><span>color</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>"</span><span>#040303</span><span>"</span><span>,</span> <span>"</span><span>xytext</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>(</span><span>-</span><span>0.9</span><span>,</span> <span>0.2</span><span>),</span> <span>"</span><span>xypin</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>(</span><span>6.8</span><span>,</span> <span>0.2</span><span>)},</span>
    <span>{</span><span>"</span><span>label</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>"</span><span>Senegal</span><span>"</span><span>,</span> <span>"</span><span>color</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>"</span><span>#040303</span><span>"</span><span>,</span> <span>"</span><span>xytext</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>(</span><span>-</span><span>15.0</span><span>,</span> <span>14.7</span><span>)},</span>
    <span>{</span><span>"</span><span>label</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>"</span><span>Seychelles</span><span>"</span><span>,</span> <span>"</span><span>color</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>"</span><span>#040303</span><span>"</span><span>,</span> <span>"</span><span>xytext</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>(</span><span>55.6</span><span>,</span> <span>-</span><span>2</span><span>),</span> <span>"</span><span>xypin</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>(</span><span>55.6</span><span>,</span> <span>-</span><span>4.5</span><span>)},</span>
    <span>{</span><span>"</span><span>label</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>"</span><span>Sierra Leone</span><span>"</span><span>,</span> <span>"</span><span>color</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>"</span><span>#040303</span><span>"</span><span>,</span> <span>"</span><span>xytext</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>(</span><span>-</span><span>16.4</span><span>,</span> <span>6.3</span><span>),</span> <span>"</span><span>xypin</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>(</span><span>-</span><span>12.0</span><span>,</span> <span>8.5</span><span>)},</span>
    <span>{</span><span>"</span><span>label</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>"</span><span>Somalia</span><span>"</span><span>,</span> <span>"</span><span>color</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>"</span><span>#040303</span><span>"</span><span>,</span> <span>"</span><span>xytext</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>(</span><span>45.7</span><span>,</span> <span>2.7</span><span>)},</span>
    <span>{</span><span>"</span><span>label</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>"</span><span>South</span><span>\n</span><span>Africa</span><span>"</span><span>,</span> <span>"</span><span>color</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>"</span><span>#040303</span><span>"</span><span>,</span> <span>"</span><span>xytext</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>(</span><span>22.4</span><span>,</span> <span>-</span><span>31.0</span><span>)},</span>
    <span>{</span><span>"</span><span>label</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>"</span><span>South</span><span>\n</span><span>Sudan</span><span>"</span><span>,</span> <span>"</span><span>color</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>"</span><span>#040303</span><span>"</span><span>,</span> <span>"</span><span>xytext</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>(</span><span>30.2</span><span>,</span> <span>7.0</span><span>)},</span>
    <span>{</span><span>"</span><span>label</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>"</span><span>Sudan</span><span>"</span><span>,</span> <span>"</span><span>color</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>"</span><span>#040303</span><span>"</span><span>,</span> <span>"</span><span>xytext</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>(</span><span>29.7</span><span>,</span> <span>16.0</span><span>)},</span>
    <span>{</span><span>"</span><span>label</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>"</span><span>Tanzania</span><span>"</span><span>,</span> <span>"</span><span>color</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>"</span><span>#040303</span><span>"</span><span>,</span> <span>"</span><span>xytext</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>(</span><span>35.0</span><span>,</span> <span>-</span><span>6.7</span><span>)},</span>
    <span>{</span><span>"</span><span>label</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>"</span><span>The</span><span>\n</span><span>Gambia</span><span>"</span><span>,</span> <span>"</span><span>color</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>"</span><span>#040303</span><span>"</span><span>,</span> <span>"</span><span>xytext</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>(</span><span>-</span><span>20.3</span><span>,</span> <span>13.6</span><span>),</span> <span>"</span><span>xypin</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>(</span><span>-</span><span>15.4</span><span>,</span> <span>13.6</span><span>)},</span>
    <span>{</span><span>"</span><span>label</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>"</span><span>Togo</span><span>"</span><span>,</span> <span>"</span><span>color</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>"</span><span>#040303</span><span>"</span><span>,</span> <span>"</span><span>xytext</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>(</span><span>1.0</span><span>,</span> <span>4.1</span><span>),</span> <span>"</span><span>xypin</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>(</span><span>1.0</span><span>,</span> <span>7.5</span><span>)},</span>
    <span>{</span><span>"</span><span>label</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>"</span><span>Tunisia</span><span>"</span><span>,</span> <span>"</span><span>color</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>"</span><span>#040303</span><span>"</span><span>,</span> <span>"</span><span>xytext</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>(</span><span>9.3</span><span>,</span> <span>38.9</span><span>),</span> <span>"</span><span>xypin</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>(</span><span>9.3</span><span>,</span> <span>35.7</span><span>)},</span>
    <span>{</span><span>"</span><span>label</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>"</span><span>Uganda</span><span>"</span><span>,</span> <span>"</span><span>color</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>"</span><span>#040303</span><span>"</span><span>,</span> <span>"</span><span>xytext</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>(</span><span>32.6</span><span>,</span> <span>0.9</span><span>)},</span>
    <span>{</span><span>"</span><span>label</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>"</span><span>Zambia</span><span>"</span><span>,</span> <span>"</span><span>color</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>"</span><span>#040303</span><span>"</span><span>,</span> <span>"</span><span>xytext</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>(</span><span>26.1</span><span>,</span> <span>-</span><span>14.9</span><span>)},</span>
    <span>{</span><span>"</span><span>label</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>"</span><span>Zimbawe</span><span>"</span><span>,</span> <span>"</span><span>color</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>"</span><span>#040303</span><span>"</span><span>,</span> <span>"</span><span>xytext</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>(</span><span>29.7</span><span>,</span> <span>-</span><span>19.1</span><span>)},</span>
<span>]</span>
country_labels = [
    {"label": "Algeria", "color": "#040303", "xytext": (2.0, 27.5)},
    {"label": "Angola", "color": "#040303", "xytext": (17.7, -13.1)},
    {"label": "Benin", "color": "#040303", "xytext": (3.2, 5.4), "xypin": (2.3, 7.6)},
    {"label": "Botswana", "color": "#040303", "xytext": (24.4, -22.3)},
    {"label": "Burkina\nFaso", "color": "#040303", "xytext": (-1.4, 12.6)},
    {"label": "Burundi", "color": "#040303", "xytext": (43.3, -4.9), "xypin": (29.8, -3.6)},
    {"label": "Cameroon", "color": "#040303", "xytext": (12.5, 5.2)},
    {"label": "Cape Verde", "color": "#040303", "xytext": (-23.7, 19), "xypin": (-23.7, 16)},
    {"label": "Central African\nRepublic", "color": "#040303", "xytext": (21.1, 6.5)},
    {"label": "Chad", "color": "#040303", "xytext": (18.5, 16.0)},
    {"label": "Comoros", "color": "#040303", "xytext": (46.8, -9.6), "xypin": (43.3, -11.7)},
    {"label": "Cote\nd'Ivoire", "color": "#040303", "xytext": (-5.5, 8.5)},
    {"label": "Democratic\nRepublic of\nthe Congo", "color": "#040303", "xytext": (23.3, -2.7)},
    {"label": "Djibouti", "color": "#040303", "xytext": (47.0, 13.4), "xypin": (43.0, 12.2)},
    {"label": "Egypt", "color": "#040303", "xytext": (29.2, 26.6)},
    {"label": "Equatorial\nGuinea", "color": "#040303", "xytext": (5.9, -2.5), "xypin": (10.5, 1.6)},
    {"label": "Eritrea", "color": "#040303", "xytext": (43.0, 16.9), "xypin": (38.5, 16.2)},
    {"label": "Lesotho", "color": "#040303", "xytext": (35.0, -31.0), "xypin": (28.4, -29.5)},
    {"label": "Ethiopia", "color": "#040303", "xytext": (39.9, 8.5)},
    {"label": "Gabon", "color": "#040303", "xytext": (11.8, -0.7)},
    {"label": "Ghana", "color": "#040303", "xytext": (-1.3, 6.6)},
    {"label": "Guinea", "color": "#040303", "xytext": (-11.6, 11.0)},
    {"label": "Guinea-\nBissau", "color": "#040303", "xytext": (-20.3, 10.3), "xypin": (-14.5, 12.2)},
    {"label": "Kenya", "color": "#040303", "xytext": (37.9, 0.5)},
    {"label": "Eswantini", "color": "#040303", "xytext": (35.5, -29.3), "xypin": (31.5, -26.8)},
    {"label": "Liberia", "color": "#040303", "xytext": (-10.6, 3.6), "xypin": (-9.6, 6.7)},
    {"label": "Libya", "color": "#040303", "xytext": (17.5, 27.5)},
    {"label": "Madagascar", "color": "#040303", "xytext": (46.7, -19.6)},
    {"label": "Malawi", "color": "#040303", "xytext": (38.9, -21.3), "xypin": (35.0, -15.6)},
    {"label": "Mali", "color": "#040303", "xytext": (-1.9, 17.8)},
    {"label": "Mauritania", "color": "#040303", "xytext": (-11.1, 19.6)},
    {"label": "Morocco", "color": "#040303", "xytext": (-6.9, 31.3)},
    {"label": "Mozambique", "color": "#040303", "xytext": (40.8, -15.2)},
    {"label": "Namibia", "color": "#040303", "xytext": (17.3, -20.7)},
    {"label": "Niger", "color": "#040303", "xytext": (9.8, 17.5)},
    {"label": "Nigera", "color": "#040303", "xytext": (7.8, 9.8)},
    {"label": "Republic of\nthe Congo", "color": "#040303", "xytext": (7.8, -7.2), "xypin": (12.0, -4.1)},
    {"label": "Rwanda", "color": "#040303", "xytext": (43.8, -3.6), "xypin": (30.1, -2.0)},
    {"label": "São Tomé and\nPríncipe", "color": "#040303", "xytext": (-0.9, 0.2), "xypin": (6.8, 0.2)},
    {"label": "Senegal", "color": "#040303", "xytext": (-15.0, 14.7)},
    {"label": "Seychelles", "color": "#040303", "xytext": (55.6, -2), "xypin": (55.6, -4.5)},
    {"label": "Sierra Leone", "color": "#040303", "xytext": (-16.4, 6.3), "xypin": (-12.0, 8.5)},
    {"label": "Somalia", "color": "#040303", "xytext": (45.7, 2.7)},
    {"label": "South\nAfrica", "color": "#040303", "xytext": (22.4, -31.0)},
    {"label": "South\nSudan", "color": "#040303", "xytext": (30.2, 7.0)},
    {"label": "Sudan", "color": "#040303", "xytext": (29.7, 16.0)},
    {"label": "Tanzania", "color": "#040303", "xytext": (35.0, -6.7)},
    {"label": "The\nGambia", "color": "#040303", "xytext": (-20.3, 13.6), "xypin": (-15.4, 13.6)},
    {"label": "Togo", "color": "#040303", "xytext": (1.0, 4.1), "xypin": (1.0, 7.5)},
    {"label": "Tunisia", "color": "#040303", "xytext": (9.3, 38.9), "xypin": (9.3, 35.7)},
    {"label": "Uganda", "color": "#040303", "xytext": (32.6, 0.9)},
    {"label": "Zambia", "color": "#040303", "xytext": (26.1, -14.9)},
    {"label": "Zimbawe", "color": "#040303", "xytext": (29.7, -19.1)},
]

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We add the function directly below set_limits.

<span>def</span> <span>draw_map</span><span>(</span>
    <span>maps_to_draw</span><span>,</span> 
    <span>boundry_map_index</span><span>=</span><span>0</span><span>,</span>
    <span>use_hatch_for_indexes</span><span>=</span><span>[],</span>
    <span>padding</span><span>=</span><span>{},</span>
    <span>labels</span><span>=</span><span>[],</span>
    <span>figsize</span><span>=</span><span>(</span><span>40</span><span>,</span> <span>40</span><span>)</span>
<span>):</span>
    <span>...</span>
    <span># Additional functions below this comment </span>    <span>set_limits</span><span>(</span><span>ax</span><span>,</span> <span>maps_to_draw</span><span>[</span><span>boundry_map_index</span><span>],</span> <span>**</span><span>padding</span><span>)</span>
    <span>for</span> <span>label</span> <span>in</span> <span>labels</span><span>:</span>
        <span>add_label</span><span>(</span><span>ax</span><span>,</span> <span>label</span><span>)</span>
    <span>return</span> <span>ax</span>
<span>def</span> <span>draw_map</span><span>(</span>
    <span>maps_to_draw</span><span>,</span> 
    <span>boundry_map_index</span><span>=</span><span>0</span><span>,</span>
    <span>use_hatch_for_indexes</span><span>=</span><span>[],</span>
    <span>padding</span><span>=</span><span>{},</span>
    <span>labels</span><span>=</span><span>[],</span>
    <span>figsize</span><span>=</span><span>(</span><span>40</span><span>,</span> <span>40</span><span>)</span>
<span>):</span>

    <span>...</span>
    <span># Additional functions below this comment </span>    <span>set_limits</span><span>(</span><span>ax</span><span>,</span> <span>maps_to_draw</span><span>[</span><span>boundry_map_index</span><span>],</span> <span>**</span><span>padding</span><span>)</span>

    <span>for</span> <span>label</span> <span>in</span> <span>labels</span><span>:</span>
        <span>add_label</span><span>(</span><span>ax</span><span>,</span> <span>label</span><span>)</span>

    <span>return</span> <span>ax</span>
def draw_map(
    maps_to_draw, 
    boundry_map_index=0,
    use_hatch_for_indexes=[],
    padding={},
    labels=[],
    figsize=(40, 40)
):

    ...
    # Additional functions below this comment     set_limits(ax, maps_to_draw[boundry_map_index], **padding)

    for label in labels:
        add_label(ax, label)

    return ax

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And pass it to draw_map().

<span>ax</span> <span>=</span> <span>draw_map</span><span>(</span>
    <span>maps_to_draw</span><span>=</span><span>[</span><span>world</span><span>,</span> <span>africa</span><span>,</span> <span>disputed_areas</span><span>],</span> <span>boundry_map_index</span><span>=</span><span>1</span><span>,</span>
    <span>padding</span><span>=</span><span>{</span><span>"</span><span>pad_bottom</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>-</span><span>0.08</span><span>,</span> <span>"</span><span>pad_top</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>0.07</span><span>,</span> <span>"</span><span>pad_left</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>0.07</span><span>,</span> <span>"</span><span>pad_right</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>0.05</span><span>},</span>
    <span>use_hatch_for_indexes</span><span>=</span><span>[</span><span>2</span><span>]</span>
    <span>labels</span><span>=</span><span>country_labels</span>
<span>)</span>
<span>plt</span><span>.</span><span>axis</span><span>(</span><span>"</span><span>off</span><span>"</span><span>)</span>
<span>plt</span><span>.</span><span>show</span><span>()</span>
<span>ax</span> <span>=</span> <span>draw_map</span><span>(</span>
    <span>maps_to_draw</span><span>=</span><span>[</span><span>world</span><span>,</span> <span>africa</span><span>,</span> <span>disputed_areas</span><span>],</span> <span>boundry_map_index</span><span>=</span><span>1</span><span>,</span>
    <span>padding</span><span>=</span><span>{</span><span>"</span><span>pad_bottom</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>-</span><span>0.08</span><span>,</span> <span>"</span><span>pad_top</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>0.07</span><span>,</span> <span>"</span><span>pad_left</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>0.07</span><span>,</span> <span>"</span><span>pad_right</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>0.05</span><span>},</span>
    <span>use_hatch_for_indexes</span><span>=</span><span>[</span><span>2</span><span>]</span>
    <span>labels</span><span>=</span><span>country_labels</span>
<span>)</span>

<span>plt</span><span>.</span><span>axis</span><span>(</span><span>"</span><span>off</span><span>"</span><span>)</span>
<span>plt</span><span>.</span><span>show</span><span>()</span>
ax = draw_map(
    maps_to_draw=[world, africa, disputed_areas], boundry_map_index=1,
    padding={"pad_bottom": -0.08, "pad_top": 0.07, "pad_left": 0.07, "pad_right": 0.05},
    use_hatch_for_indexes=[2]
    labels=country_labels
)

plt.axis("off")
plt.show()

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Here’s what we get.

Fantastic! Now, I can see what countries I’m looking at, and the last thing to do is to explain the colors.

---

Step 8: Adding a legend and title

Adding legends in matplotlib is simple, so to spice things up, I want to use the shape of the countries instead of a standard circle or square.

This step is an example where I use the ax that draw_map() returns instead of adding it directly to the function.

To take the geometry of a country and draw it in a different place, I’ve created the following function that takes a row and puts the shape in (x_loc, y_loc).

<span>def</span> <span>draw_legend_geometry</span><span>(</span><span>ax</span><span>,</span> <span>row</span><span>,</span> <span>x_loc</span><span>,</span> <span>y_loc</span><span>,</span> <span>height</span><span>):</span>
    <span>x</span> <span>=</span> <span>np</span><span>.</span><span>array</span><span>(</span><span>row</span><span>.</span><span>geometry</span><span>.</span><span>boundary</span><span>.</span><span>coords</span><span>.</span><span>xy</span><span>[</span><span>0</span><span>])</span>
    <span>y</span> <span>=</span> <span>np</span><span>.</span><span>array</span><span>(</span><span>row</span><span>.</span><span>geometry</span><span>.</span><span>boundary</span><span>.</span><span>coords</span><span>.</span><span>xy</span><span>[</span><span>1</span><span>])</span>
    <span>x</span> <span>=</span> <span>x</span> <span>-</span> <span>(</span><span>row</span><span>.</span><span>geometry</span><span>.</span><span>centroid</span><span>.</span><span>x</span> <span>-</span> <span>x_loc</span><span>)</span>
    <span>y</span> <span>=</span> <span>y</span> <span>-</span> <span>(</span><span>row</span><span>.</span><span>geometry</span><span>.</span><span>centroid</span><span>.</span><span>y</span> <span>-</span> <span>y_loc</span><span>)</span>
    <span>ratio</span> <span>=</span> <span>height</span> <span>/</span> <span>(</span><span>y</span><span>.</span><span>max</span><span>()</span> <span>-</span> <span>y</span><span>.</span><span>min</span><span>())</span>
    <span>x</span> <span>=</span> <span>x</span> <span>*</span> <span>ratio</span> <span>+</span> <span>(</span><span>x_loc</span> <span>-</span> <span>x_loc</span> <span>*</span> <span>ratio</span><span>)</span>
    <span>y</span> <span>=</span> <span>y</span> <span>*</span> <span>ratio</span> <span>+</span> <span>(</span><span>y_loc</span> <span>-</span> <span>y_loc</span> <span>*</span> <span>ratio</span><span>)</span>
    <span>ax</span><span>.</span><span>add_artist</span><span>(</span><span>Polygon</span><span>(</span><span>np</span><span>.</span><span>stack</span><span>([</span><span>x</span><span>,</span> <span>y</span><span>],</span> <span>axis</span><span>=</span><span>1</span><span>),</span> <span>facecolor</span><span>=</span><span>row</span><span>.</span><span>color</span><span>,</span> <span>edgecolor</span><span>=</span><span>row</span><span>.</span><span>edgecolor</span><span>,</span> <span>hatch</span><span>=</span><span>row</span><span>.</span><span>hatch</span><span>))</span>
<span>def</span> <span>draw_legend_geometry</span><span>(</span><span>ax</span><span>,</span> <span>row</span><span>,</span> <span>x_loc</span><span>,</span> <span>y_loc</span><span>,</span> <span>height</span><span>):</span>
    <span>x</span> <span>=</span> <span>np</span><span>.</span><span>array</span><span>(</span><span>row</span><span>.</span><span>geometry</span><span>.</span><span>boundary</span><span>.</span><span>coords</span><span>.</span><span>xy</span><span>[</span><span>0</span><span>])</span>
    <span>y</span> <span>=</span> <span>np</span><span>.</span><span>array</span><span>(</span><span>row</span><span>.</span><span>geometry</span><span>.</span><span>boundary</span><span>.</span><span>coords</span><span>.</span><span>xy</span><span>[</span><span>1</span><span>])</span>

    <span>x</span> <span>=</span> <span>x</span> <span>-</span> <span>(</span><span>row</span><span>.</span><span>geometry</span><span>.</span><span>centroid</span><span>.</span><span>x</span> <span>-</span> <span>x_loc</span><span>)</span>
    <span>y</span> <span>=</span> <span>y</span> <span>-</span> <span>(</span><span>row</span><span>.</span><span>geometry</span><span>.</span><span>centroid</span><span>.</span><span>y</span> <span>-</span> <span>y_loc</span><span>)</span>

    <span>ratio</span> <span>=</span> <span>height</span> <span>/</span> <span>(</span><span>y</span><span>.</span><span>max</span><span>()</span> <span>-</span> <span>y</span><span>.</span><span>min</span><span>())</span>
    <span>x</span> <span>=</span> <span>x</span> <span>*</span> <span>ratio</span> <span>+</span> <span>(</span><span>x_loc</span> <span>-</span> <span>x_loc</span> <span>*</span> <span>ratio</span><span>)</span>
    <span>y</span> <span>=</span> <span>y</span> <span>*</span> <span>ratio</span> <span>+</span> <span>(</span><span>y_loc</span> <span>-</span> <span>y_loc</span> <span>*</span> <span>ratio</span><span>)</span>

    <span>ax</span><span>.</span><span>add_artist</span><span>(</span><span>Polygon</span><span>(</span><span>np</span><span>.</span><span>stack</span><span>([</span><span>x</span><span>,</span> <span>y</span><span>],</span> <span>axis</span><span>=</span><span>1</span><span>),</span> <span>facecolor</span><span>=</span><span>row</span><span>.</span><span>color</span><span>,</span> <span>edgecolor</span><span>=</span><span>row</span><span>.</span><span>edgecolor</span><span>,</span> <span>hatch</span><span>=</span><span>row</span><span>.</span><span>hatch</span><span>))</span>
def draw_legend_geometry(ax, row, x_loc, y_loc, height):
    x = np.array(row.geometry.boundary.coords.xy[0])
    y = np.array(row.geometry.boundary.coords.xy[1])

    x = x - (row.geometry.centroid.x - x_loc)
    y = y - (row.geometry.centroid.y - y_loc)

    ratio = height / (y.max() - y.min())
    x = x * ratio + (x_loc - x_loc * ratio)
    y = y * ratio + (y_loc - y_loc * ratio)

    ax.add_artist(Polygon(np.stack([x, y], axis=1), facecolor=row.color, edgecolor=row.edgecolor, hatch=row.hatch))

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In addition to changing the location, it also changes the scale of the geometry to have a specific height.

To use draw_legend_geometry(), I create a data frame called legend, where I select appropriate countries to represent each color. Currently, it only works for countries with one Polygon, not MultiPolygon.

It’s a bit “hacky” how I add INCOME_GRP to Western Sahara, use that to sort values, and add row.INCOME_GRP[3:] as text, but it’s ok for now.

I’ve also added a title and data source after drawing the legend.

<span>ax</span> <span>=</span> <span>draw_map</span><span>(</span>
    <span>maps_to_draw</span><span>=</span><span>[</span><span>world</span><span>,</span> <span>africa</span><span>,</span> <span>disputed_areas</span><span>],</span> <span>boundry_map_index</span><span>=</span><span>1</span><span>,</span>
    <span>padding</span><span>=</span><span>{</span><span>"</span><span>pad_bottom</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>-</span><span>0.08</span><span>,</span> <span>"</span><span>pad_top</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>0.07</span><span>,</span> <span>"</span><span>pad_left</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>0.07</span><span>,</span> <span>"</span><span>pad_right</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>0.05</span><span>},</span>
    <span>use_hatch_for_indexes</span><span>=</span><span>[</span><span>2</span><span>]</span>
    <span>labels</span><span>=</span><span>country_labels</span><span>,</span>
<span>)</span>
<span>legend</span> <span>=</span> <span>pd</span><span>.</span><span>concat</span><span>([</span>
    <span>disputed_areas</span><span>[</span><span>disputed_areas</span><span>.</span><span>NAME_EN</span> <span>==</span> <span>"</span><span>Western Sahara</span><span>"</span><span>],</span>
    <span>africa</span><span>[</span><span>africa</span><span>.</span><span>NAME_EN</span><span>.</span><span>isin</span><span>([</span><span>"</span><span>Niger</span><span>"</span><span>,</span> <span>"</span><span>Senegal</span><span>"</span><span>,</span> <span>"</span><span>Botswana</span><span>"</span><span>])]</span>
<span>])</span>
<span>legend</span><span>.</span><span>loc</span><span>[</span><span>legend</span><span>.</span><span>NAME_EN</span> <span>==</span> <span>"</span><span>Western Sahara</span><span>"</span><span>,</span> <span>"</span><span>INCOME_GRP</span><span>"</span><span>]</span> <span>=</span> <span>"</span><span>6. Disputed area</span><span>"</span>
<span>legend</span> <span>=</span> <span>legend</span><span>.</span><span>sort_values</span><span>(</span><span>"</span><span>INCOME_GRP</span><span>"</span><span>)</span>
<span>legend</span><span>[</span><span>"</span><span>hatch</span><span>"</span><span>]</span> <span>=</span> <span>[</span><span>""</span><span>,</span> <span>""</span><span>,</span> <span>""</span><span>,</span> <span>"</span><span>//</span><span>"</span><span>]</span>
<span>for</span> <span>i</span><span>,</span> <span>row</span> <span>in</span> <span>legend</span><span>.</span><span>reset_index</span><span>().</span><span>iterrows</span><span>():</span>
    <span>draw_legend_geometry</span><span>(</span><span>ax</span><span>,</span> <span>row</span><span>,</span> <span>-</span><span>25</span><span>,</span> <span>-</span><span>20</span> <span>-</span> <span>3.5</span><span>*</span><span>i</span><span>,</span> <span>2.5</span><span>)</span>
    <span>ax</span><span>.</span><span>annotate</span><span>(</span><span>row</span><span>.</span><span>INCOME_GRP</span><span>[</span><span>3</span><span>:],</span> <span>(</span><span>-</span><span>22</span><span>,</span> <span>-</span><span>20</span> <span>-</span> <span>3.5</span><span>*</span><span>i</span><span>),</span> <span>fontsize</span><span>=</span><span>28</span><span>,</span> <span>fontweight</span><span>=</span><span>"</span><span>bold</span><span>"</span><span>,</span> <span>va</span><span>=</span><span>"</span><span>center</span><span>"</span><span>)</span>
<span>fontstyles</span> <span>=</span> <span>{</span><span>"</span><span>fontweight</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>"</span><span>bold</span><span>"</span><span>,</span> <span>"</span><span>ha</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>"</span><span>left</span><span>"</span><span>}</span>
<span>plt</span><span>.</span><span>annotate</span><span>(</span><span>"</span><span>Data source:</span><span>"</span><span>,</span> <span>xy</span><span>=</span><span>(</span><span>0.05</span><span>,</span> <span>0.32</span><span>),</span> <span>fontsize</span><span>=</span><span>24</span><span>,</span> <span>xycoords</span><span>=</span><span>"</span><span>axes fraction</span><span>"</span><span>,</span> <span>**</span><span>fontstyles</span><span>)</span>
<span>plt</span><span>.</span><span>annotate</span><span>(</span><span>"</span><span>The World Bank</span><span>"</span><span>,</span> <span>xy</span><span>=</span><span>(</span><span>0.133</span><span>,</span> <span>0.32</span><span>),</span> <span>fontsize</span><span>=</span><span>24</span><span>,</span> <span>xycoords</span><span>=</span><span>"</span><span>axes fraction</span><span>"</span><span>,</span> <span>color</span><span>=</span><span>"</span><span>#1B998B</span><span>"</span><span>,</span> <span>**</span><span>fontstyles</span><span>)</span>
<span>plt</span><span>.</span><span>title</span><span>(</span><span>"</span><span>Income Groups in Africa</span><span>"</span><span>,</span> <span>x</span><span>=</span><span>0.05</span><span>,</span> <span>y</span><span>=</span><span>0.29</span><span>,</span> <span>fontsize</span><span>=</span><span>42</span><span>,</span> <span>**</span><span>fontstyles</span><span>)</span>
<span>plt</span><span>.</span><span>axis</span><span>(</span><span>"</span><span>off</span><span>"</span><span>)</span>
<span>plt</span><span>.</span><span>show</span><span>()</span>
<span>ax</span> <span>=</span> <span>draw_map</span><span>(</span>
    <span>maps_to_draw</span><span>=</span><span>[</span><span>world</span><span>,</span> <span>africa</span><span>,</span> <span>disputed_areas</span><span>],</span> <span>boundry_map_index</span><span>=</span><span>1</span><span>,</span>
    <span>padding</span><span>=</span><span>{</span><span>"</span><span>pad_bottom</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>-</span><span>0.08</span><span>,</span> <span>"</span><span>pad_top</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>0.07</span><span>,</span> <span>"</span><span>pad_left</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>0.07</span><span>,</span> <span>"</span><span>pad_right</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>0.05</span><span>},</span>
    <span>use_hatch_for_indexes</span><span>=</span><span>[</span><span>2</span><span>]</span>
    <span>labels</span><span>=</span><span>country_labels</span><span>,</span>
<span>)</span>

<span>legend</span> <span>=</span> <span>pd</span><span>.</span><span>concat</span><span>([</span>
    <span>disputed_areas</span><span>[</span><span>disputed_areas</span><span>.</span><span>NAME_EN</span> <span>==</span> <span>"</span><span>Western Sahara</span><span>"</span><span>],</span>
    <span>africa</span><span>[</span><span>africa</span><span>.</span><span>NAME_EN</span><span>.</span><span>isin</span><span>([</span><span>"</span><span>Niger</span><span>"</span><span>,</span> <span>"</span><span>Senegal</span><span>"</span><span>,</span> <span>"</span><span>Botswana</span><span>"</span><span>])]</span>
<span>])</span>

<span>legend</span><span>.</span><span>loc</span><span>[</span><span>legend</span><span>.</span><span>NAME_EN</span> <span>==</span> <span>"</span><span>Western Sahara</span><span>"</span><span>,</span> <span>"</span><span>INCOME_GRP</span><span>"</span><span>]</span> <span>=</span> <span>"</span><span>6. Disputed area</span><span>"</span>
<span>legend</span> <span>=</span> <span>legend</span><span>.</span><span>sort_values</span><span>(</span><span>"</span><span>INCOME_GRP</span><span>"</span><span>)</span>
<span>legend</span><span>[</span><span>"</span><span>hatch</span><span>"</span><span>]</span> <span>=</span> <span>[</span><span>""</span><span>,</span> <span>""</span><span>,</span> <span>""</span><span>,</span> <span>"</span><span>//</span><span>"</span><span>]</span>

<span>for</span> <span>i</span><span>,</span> <span>row</span> <span>in</span> <span>legend</span><span>.</span><span>reset_index</span><span>().</span><span>iterrows</span><span>():</span>
    <span>draw_legend_geometry</span><span>(</span><span>ax</span><span>,</span> <span>row</span><span>,</span> <span>-</span><span>25</span><span>,</span> <span>-</span><span>20</span> <span>-</span> <span>3.5</span><span>*</span><span>i</span><span>,</span> <span>2.5</span><span>)</span>
    <span>ax</span><span>.</span><span>annotate</span><span>(</span><span>row</span><span>.</span><span>INCOME_GRP</span><span>[</span><span>3</span><span>:],</span> <span>(</span><span>-</span><span>22</span><span>,</span> <span>-</span><span>20</span> <span>-</span> <span>3.5</span><span>*</span><span>i</span><span>),</span> <span>fontsize</span><span>=</span><span>28</span><span>,</span> <span>fontweight</span><span>=</span><span>"</span><span>bold</span><span>"</span><span>,</span> <span>va</span><span>=</span><span>"</span><span>center</span><span>"</span><span>)</span>

<span>fontstyles</span> <span>=</span> <span>{</span><span>"</span><span>fontweight</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>"</span><span>bold</span><span>"</span><span>,</span> <span>"</span><span>ha</span><span>"</span><span>:</span> <span>"</span><span>left</span><span>"</span><span>}</span>
<span>plt</span><span>.</span><span>annotate</span><span>(</span><span>"</span><span>Data source:</span><span>"</span><span>,</span> <span>xy</span><span>=</span><span>(</span><span>0.05</span><span>,</span> <span>0.32</span><span>),</span> <span>fontsize</span><span>=</span><span>24</span><span>,</span> <span>xycoords</span><span>=</span><span>"</span><span>axes fraction</span><span>"</span><span>,</span> <span>**</span><span>fontstyles</span><span>)</span>
<span>plt</span><span>.</span><span>annotate</span><span>(</span><span>"</span><span>The World Bank</span><span>"</span><span>,</span> <span>xy</span><span>=</span><span>(</span><span>0.133</span><span>,</span> <span>0.32</span><span>),</span> <span>fontsize</span><span>=</span><span>24</span><span>,</span> <span>xycoords</span><span>=</span><span>"</span><span>axes fraction</span><span>"</span><span>,</span> <span>color</span><span>=</span><span>"</span><span>#1B998B</span><span>"</span><span>,</span> <span>**</span><span>fontstyles</span><span>)</span>
<span>plt</span><span>.</span><span>title</span><span>(</span><span>"</span><span>Income Groups in Africa</span><span>"</span><span>,</span> <span>x</span><span>=</span><span>0.05</span><span>,</span> <span>y</span><span>=</span><span>0.29</span><span>,</span> <span>fontsize</span><span>=</span><span>42</span><span>,</span> <span>**</span><span>fontstyles</span><span>)</span>

<span>plt</span><span>.</span><span>axis</span><span>(</span><span>"</span><span>off</span><span>"</span><span>)</span>
<span>plt</span><span>.</span><span>show</span><span>()</span>
ax = draw_map(
    maps_to_draw=[world, africa, disputed_areas], boundry_map_index=1,
    padding={"pad_bottom": -0.08, "pad_top": 0.07, "pad_left": 0.07, "pad_right": 0.05},
    use_hatch_for_indexes=[2]
    labels=country_labels,
)

legend = pd.concat([
    disputed_areas[disputed_areas.NAME_EN == "Western Sahara"],
    africa[africa.NAME_EN.isin(["Niger", "Senegal", "Botswana"])]
])

legend.loc[legend.NAME_EN == "Western Sahara", "INCOME_GRP"] = "6. Disputed area"
legend = legend.sort_values("INCOME_GRP")
legend["hatch"] = ["", "", "", "//"]

for i, row in legend.reset_index().iterrows():
    draw_legend_geometry(ax, row, -25, -20 - 3.5*i, 2.5)
    ax.annotate(row.INCOME_GRP[3:], (-22, -20 - 3.5*i), fontsize=28, fontweight="bold", va="center")

fontstyles = {"fontweight": "bold", "ha": "left"}
plt.annotate("Data source:", xy=(0.05, 0.32), fontsize=24, xycoords="axes fraction", **fontstyles)
plt.annotate("The World Bank", xy=(0.133, 0.32), fontsize=24, xycoords="axes fraction", color="#1B998B", **fontstyles)
plt.title("Income Groups in Africa", x=0.05, y=0.29, fontsize=42, **fontstyles)

plt.axis("off")
plt.show()

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If I run the code above, I get the following map, and it’s identical to the one you saw at the start of the tutorial.

That was the last step of the tutorial. Congratulations on making it to the end!

---

Conclusion

You can make the draw_map() function even more flexible by adding more parameters for styling (I have several hard-coded values), but for me, this covers 95% of my use cases.

I hope you enjoyed the tutorial and learned something you can use in your projects.

If you did, like, subscribe, and share so that more people can learn how to draw beautiful maps with Python and Matplotlib.

Thank you for reading, and see you next time.

原文链接：Matplotlib Tutorial: Let’s Take Your Country Maps to Another Level